What Are Analytical Essay Topics?

What Are Analytical Essay Topics?Writing an analytical essay is a great way to stand out in the crowd. Using topic analyzers can be a good tool for this. They are helpful in defining key sections of your essay.Analytical essay topics that are designed around a particular theme are usually a great way to maximize your writing. These tend to be very clear in what they are trying to say. They also tend to offer an analytical approach to the topics they deal with. A good example of this is if you are writing about your childhood, and you are discussing your fears. This is a good analytical essay topic that deal with fear, and something you should look into if you are writing about your childhood.Analytical essay topics like these are very clear. They are designed around a particular theme and include a description of the subject matter. These are great and may help you establish your own place in the market.Most essay topics can also be divided into different areas. These are often based on topics you would want to discuss in the course of your career. For example, when you are writing about the history of the financial world, you would probably want to mention some of the events that shaped the country's financial industry.The next thing to consider when looking at these essay topics is how you can write it effectively. The logical approach is to write it as you would in a story. Just keep it short and simple.These essays have key themes. These are the parts of the essay that provide the main points. These often are the sections you should spend the most time on if you are going to write an effective essay.So if you are looking for analytical essay topics, they are an excellent way to stand out. You might even find that you enjoy writing them more than the common types of essay topics you would find in a typical syllabus.

Alienation and Social Alienation Definitions

Alienation is a theoretical concept developed by Karl Marx that describes the isolating, dehumanizing, and disenchanting effects of working within a capitalist system of production. Per Marx, its cause is the economic system itself. Social alienation is a more broad concept used by sociologists to describe the experience of individuals or groups that feel disconnected from the values, norms, practices, and social relations of their community or society for a variety of social structural reasons, including and in addition to the economy. Those experiencing social alienation do not share the common, mainstream values of society, are not well integrated into society, its groups and institutions, and are socially isolated from the mainstream. Marxs Theory of Alienation Karl Marxs theory of alienation was central to his critique of industrial capitalism and the class-stratified social system that both resulted from it and supported it. He wrote directly about it in Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts  and  The German Ideology, though it is a concept that is central to most of his writing.  The way Marx used the term and wrote about the concept shifted as he grew and developed as an intellectual, but the version of the term that is most frequently associated with Marx and taught within sociology is of the alienation of workers within a capitalist system of production. According to Marx, the organization of the capitalist system of production, which features a wealthy class of owners and managers who purchase labor from workers for wages, creates the alienation of the entire working class. This arrangement leads to four distinct ways in which workers are alienated. They are alienated from the product they make because it is designed and directed by others, and because it earns a profit for the capitalist, and not the worker, through the wage-labor agreement.They are alienated from the production work itself, which is entirely directed by someone else, highly specific in nature, repetitive, and creatively unrewarding. Further, it is work that they do only because they need the wage for survival.They are alienated from their true inner self, desires, and the pursuit of happiness by the demands placed on them by the socio-economic structure, and by their conversion into an object by the capitalist mode of production, which views and treats them not as human subjects but as replaceable elements of a system of production.They are alienated from other workers by a system of production which pits them against each other in a competition to sell their labor for the lowest possible value. This form of alienation serves to prevent workers from seeing and understanding their shared experiences and problems—it fosters a false consciousness and prevents the development of a class consciousness. While Marxs observations and theories were based on the early industrial capitalism of the 19th century, his theory of the alienation of workers holds true today. Sociologists who study the conditions of labor under global capitalism find that the conditions that cause alienation and the experience of it have actually intensified and worsened. The Broader Theory of Social Alienation Sociologist Melvin Seeman provided a robust definition of social alienation in a paper published in 1959, titled On the Meaning of Alienation. The five features he attributed to social alienation hold true today in how sociologists study this phenomenon. They are: Powerlessness: When individuals are socially alienated they believe that what happens in their lives is outside of their control and that what they do ultimately does not matter. They believe they are powerless to shape their life course.Meaninglessness: When an individual does not derive meaning from the things in which he or she is engaged, or at least not the same common or normative meaning that others derive from it.Social Isolation: When a person feels that they are not meaningfully connected to their community through shared values, beliefs, and practices, and/or when they do not have meaningful social relationships with other people.Self-Estrangement: When a person experiences social alienation they may deny their own personal interests and desires in order to satisfy demands placed by others and/or by social norms. Causes of Social Alienation In addition to the cause of working and living within the capitalist system as described by Marx, sociologists recognize other causes of alienation. Economic instability and the social upheaval that tends to go with it has been documented to lead to what Durkheim called anomie—a sense of normlessness that fosters social alienation. Moving from one country to another or from one region within a country to a very different region within it can also destabilize a persons norms, practices, and social relations in such a way as to cause social alienation. Sociologists have also documented that demographic changes within a population can cause social isolation for some who find themselves no longer in the majority in terms of race, religion, values, and worldviews, for example. Social alienation also results from the experience of living at the lower rungs of social hierarchies of race and class. Many people of color experience social alienation as a consequence of systemic racism. Poor people in general, but especially those who live in poverty, experience social isolation because they are economically unable to participate in society in a way that is considered normal.

Literary Speech By Socrates - 1492 Words

Despite Socrates’ critique of the literary speech of poets, Socrates himself makes use of literary imagery. One of the first discussions Socrates had about poets focused on poet’s use of imitation and violent accounts in their tales.With one tongue they all chant that moderation and justice are fair but hard and full of drudgery, while intemperance and injustice are sweet and easy to acquire, and shameful only by opinion and law†(364a). The discussion of poets continues with Glaucon and Adeimantus as they focus on the significance of education. The men question what to do about the young men are exposed to the tales of the poets, emphasizing that children especially are easily impressionable; therefore precautions must be taken for tales†¦show more content†¦In this city, each individual had their duty and was to hold mostly everything in common, including children. The Myth of Metals claimed that citizens born had a type of metal that existed within thei r souls. The different metals determined their status. Bronze and iron were the producers, the auxiliary had silver, and the highest ranking guardians or rulers had gold. â€Å"For there not to be any doubt among the city about the ruler(s), Socrates suggest that there should be a myth to ensure order. â€Å"...’but the god, in fashioning those of you who are competent to rule, mixed gold in at their birth†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (415a). The city will rise or fall depending on whether individuals are able to do/what best fits their nature. By establishing this hierarchical idea it would be unlikely for the people would question those of ruling status. The way the government is structured so that people have to understand their place; the noble lie allows people to recognize that and not be attached, Justice is public while love is private. â€Å"All of you in the city are certainly brothers’, we say to them in the telling tale, ‘but the god, in fashioning those of you w ho are competent to rule, mixed gold in at their birth; this is why they are most honored; in auxiliaries, silver; iron and bronze in the farmers and other craftsmen†(415a) The next story up is the allegory ofShow MoreRelatedSocrates Poet Speech1599 Words   |  7 Pages Socrates criticizes the poet’s speech claiming that it does not have a single purpose other than to entertain, which is not sufficient enough. Socrates concerns himself with corrupt education and wants to ensure that he and the city does everything capable to produce well rounded, fine thinking men. Though he may reject the poet’s use of literary speech, Socrates develops his own type of literary speech to use. He reckons that his own literary speech be used instead since it would be more meaningfulRead MoreThe Criticism Of The Poet s Speech1582 Words   |  7 PagesI need a thesis so bad. Socrates criticizes the poet s’ speech since it does not really have any other purpose than to entertain, that is not a good enough purpose. Socrates concerns himself with corrupt education and wants to ensure that he (and the city; his ideal city really) does everything capabl e to produce well rounded fine thinking men (and women maybe). He reckons that his own literary speech be used instead since it would be more meaningful, and in doing so creates three myths to tellRead MoreEssay Clouds vs. The Apology1649 Words   |  7 Pages Clouds vs. The Apology In Aristophanes Clouds and in Platos Apology we see extensive fictional representations of the historical figure, Socrates, who left us no literary works under his own name. When comparing these two representations, readers often assume, as a result of the nature of the comedic genre, that Aristophanes portrayal of Socrates is exaggerated and fallacious. On the other hand, Platos account is often taken more seriously as a result of the philosophical genre and the respectedRead MoreSocrates Philosophy Of Education Essay862 Words   |  4 PagesPlato’s The Republic his mentor, Socrates, discusses the ideal education. He claims that â€Å"the rearing in music is most sovereign,† and makes an argument to defend his stance (80; bk.3, ln.401, par. d). Education for Socrates is not informative; rather, he sees education as a formative tool to shape the soul of an individual. Socrates views music in a much broader sense than what would typically be considered music. â€Å"Mu sic† in the Republic refers to both literary education (includes speeches, stories†¦etcRead MorePlato s Theory Of The Forms1704 Words   |  7 Pagesfamily. He was the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. He is known to be one of the best writers in the Western literary tradition and one of the most influential authors in the development of Western philosophy even today. Plato worked alongside his teacher, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, laying the groundwork for Western philosophy and science through their collective work. Plato has also been considered one of the founders of westernRead More`` Xenophon s Goals Are Self Advertisedly Circumscribed1354 Words   |  6 Pagesis not to give a full account of Socrates’ trial or even a version of his entire speech of defense. ***Xenophon’s general intent was to defend Socrates by portraying him as encouraging young men to become like Xenophon himself - free from subjection to their own desires or the authority of an employer, mentally and physically self-disciplined, willing to follow their own good sense where applicable and oracles and divinations elsewhere ***Unlike Plato’s Socrates, who prefers to ask questions ratherRead MoreSocrates And Ideal Education In Platos The Republic867 Words   |  4 PagesStatement] In Plato’s The Republic his mentor, Socrates, discusses what the ideal education should include. He claims that â€Å"the rearing in music is most sovereign,† and makes an argument to defend his stance (80; bk.3, ln.401, par. d). Education for Socrates is not informative (this is how â€Å"education† is mostly viewed in modern times; just filling one’s mind with information), rather, he sees education as a formative tool to shape the soul of an individual. Socrates views music in a much broader sense thanRead MoreSocrates: The Dichotomy between Aristophanes and Plato’s Depictions1489 Words   |  6 Pages Socrates: The Dichotomy between Aristophanes and Plato’s Depictions Ignorance: the condition of being uninformed or uneducated; this basic definition is crucial to understanding one of the most controversial figures in ancient Athenian society: the philosopher Socrates. The man’s entire life was devoted to proving the fact that no one actually knew what they thought they did; that everyone lived in ignorance. This viewpoint earned Socrates many enemies, so many that even a renowned playwrightRead MoreCensorship : An Individual Or Institution1392 Words   |  6 PagesCensorship; has been an issue throughout all of history. Whether it is the trial of Socrates or the Licensing Act, all censorship has ever done is limit information and repress other points of view. Censorship comes in many forms and can be very subtle or opaque; the one constant is the benefit of the powerful and the restraint of the masses. Some may find forbidding information useful, and some may think that freedom of speech; is not a right; but rather something to be sacrific ed for the greater good ofRead MoreComparison Between Crito and Apology1661 Words   |  7 Pagesthese two articles that we read in Crito and Apology by Plato, we could know Socrates is an enduring person with imagination, because he presents us with a mass of contradictions: Most eloquent men, yet he never wrote a word; ugliest yet most profoundly attractive; ignorant yet wise; wrongfully convicted, yet unwilling to avoid his unjust execution. Behind these conundrums is a contradiction less often explored: Socrates is at once the most Athenian, most local, citizenly, and patriotic of philosophers;

The Role Of Heredity And Its Effect On Children s...

Human growth is a complex and captivating concept that cannot be determined by few factors. When it comes to a child’s development, I believe that one’s parents, heredity, and peers all influence one’s growth. First of all, since a child is almost consistently surrounded by family (especially at a young age), his or her parents can shape one’s foundations. These include belief systems, traditions, and perspectives about society. Children are inclined to agree with a parent’s opinion when they trust them, but also even if they fear that disagreeing with them will bring consequences. Secondly, as a child becomes introduced to his or her peers, he or she may also desire to fit in and belong to a wider social circle. Children spend a lot of time together at school and kids especially want acceptance, so they often attempt to please or imitate their friends. Finally, heredity plays a role when it comes to influencing one’s development. In my opini on, its primary effect is the child’s physical appearance, the chances of health issues or disorders, some aspects of personality, and the person’s ethnicity. Genes determine all of these and set the scene for what kind of treatment a child may receive from the surface. Although many people believe that a child’s development is affected by these three concepts, Judith Rich Harris, a psychology researcher, believes that parental upbringing has no effect on a child’s development except for their genetic contributions; instead, only aShow MoreRelatedGenetic and Environmental Influences on Individual Intelligence1296 Words   |  6 Pages, twins. This is true even when identical twins raised apart are contrasted with fraternal twins reared together. (3) Adoption studies suggest that adopted children are slightly comparable to their biological parents in intelligence. The focus here is on differences and similarities and the extent in which they are created by genetic effects, in contrast to environmental influences. Because family components are genetically similar, traits found within that family can be reasonably designated asRead MoreChild Development: Heredity and Environment1240 Words   |  5 Pagesenvironment versus heredity leads to the question of: does the direct environment or the nature surrounding an adolescent directly influence acts of delinquency, later progressing further into more radical crimes such as murder or psychotic manifestation, or is it directly linked to the hereditary traits and genes passed down from that individual adolescent’s biological parents? To answer this question one must first understand the difference between nature, nurture, environment, and heredity. Nurture, brokenRead MoreAn Analysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House 970 Words   |  4 PagesDoll’s House Ashleen Kaushal TOPIC: The theme of heredity in the play I. Introduction Henrik Ibsen’s three-act play, A Doll’s House, follows a seemingly typical housewife as she becomes painfully aware of the flaws in her marriage with a condescending, chauvinistic man. Ibsen uses the ideology of a Victorian society as a backdrop to inject the theme of heredity in the play. He employs several characters to demonstrate the different facets of heredity in order to highlight how this concept can imposeRead MoreThe Influential Difference Between Environment And Heredity1610 Words   |  7 Pagessame traits, but we are also uniquely different from our environment and heredity causes, or maybe our freewill and other unknown factors. Our personalities are so unique that we are the only person in this whole universe. No one else is the same, and even identical twins are different. We are us, and only us. So how does that work out? Why are we so different? What’s the influential difference between environment and heredity? And which one influences us th e more? Or maybe the influential form theRead MoreRole Of Heredity And Environment On Human Behavior2580 Words   |  11 PagesEnvironment ROLE OF HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT IN SHAPING HUMAN BEHAVIOUR by: rohit singh socw 10965 m.a. previous,dssw Abstract Both, Heredity and environment are equally important in the development of the personality of the individual and shaping his way of life. Both these factors can be said to be inseparable and equally important and both effect each other and hence the overall behaviour. Both are interrelated and interconnected. As in most aspects of development, there has alwaysRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gay Adoption1643 Words   |  7 Pagesand live life as ordinary people, yet treated as second-class citizens. This treatment by society has significantly limited the basic human rights of these individuals, including parenthood. Should LGBTQ+ be able to adopt children? Do gay parents and guardians effect children negatively? Adoption is a lengthy process of legally accepting responsibilities of a non-biological child. While adoption is usually governed by laws that vary from state to state, but there are also federal regulationsRead More The Role of Genes in the Development of Behavior Essay3044 Words   |  13 PagesThe Role of Genes in the Development of Behavior The debate concerning the influence of genes on human behavior has been on-going for centuries. The nature vs. nurture (or heredity Vs. environment) debates are one of the longest running, and most controversial, both inside and outside psychology. It is concerned with some of the most fundamental questions a human being could ask, such as Why are we they way we are? and why do we develop as we do? Historically thisRead MoreLife Span Development and Personality of Michael Jackson1131 Words   |  5 PagesLife Span Development and Personality of Michael Jackson Jesse Jackson Psy/304 February 4, 2001 Dr. Marcy Satan Life Span Development and Personality of Michael Jackson Introduction Michael Jackson was born August 29, 1958. Born the eighth of 10 children, Michael grew up in a working class family in a small three bedroom home in Gary, Indiana. As a child, Michael struggled with his fame. He never lived a normal childhood and throughout his adulthood he tried to recapture his lost youthRead MoreThe Evolutionary Factors That Have Shaped The Genetics That We Inherit From Our Parents1049 Words   |  5 Pagesevolutionary factors that have that have shaped the genetics that we inherit from our parents. Nature determine the range of our human potential.Naturists believe that the knowledge humans have about the world is innate. Therefore human development is determined by heredity. NURTURE This has to deal with our environment; it refers to all the environmental factors that have influenced us since we began to grow. Nurture affects the way our human potential is actualized. Empiricists believe that is the environmentRead MoreEssay on Piagets Learning Theory in Elementary Education1549 Words   |  7 Pagesan important role in children’s development they should be familiar with developmental psychology and know of its educational implications in the classroom. There are two major approaches of developmental psychology: (1) Cognitive development as it relates to Piaget and (2) social development as it relates to Vygotsky. An educator may find it useful to study Piaget’s theory of cognitive development to help children build on their own knowledge. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development. Jean Piaget

unit 302 - Evaluate and improve own performance in a...

Evaluate and Improve own Performance in a Business Environment Unit 302 1.1 The purpose of continuously improving your own performance is business is to help improve the overall performance of the business. This will also improve your own job satisfaction and overall employability. There are three main ways you can improve your own performance. The first is to set aside time with a good manager, who can assess your work and give you advice on how to complete that piece of work. This can be in a formal one to one meeting, where your whole performance is reviewed, or this could be an informal chat at your desk about a specific piece of work. The second way of improving your own performance is to have an experienced colleague†¦show more content†¦1.4 Once you have identified an area of your work that you are not happy with, it is important to think of and apply possible improvements. These improvements should comply with the current organisation polices and should not obstruct the work of others. The purpose of testing possible improvements to your work is to make yourself more effective and to improve the overall performance of the organisation. Testing these improvements will give you an idea of how they will fit into your day to day tasks and affect your performance. Once the improvements have been tested, you can amend the current procedures to ensure you become more effective and efficient. 1.5 Learning and development is normally part of the appraisal system, but can also be offered and encouraged throughout the whole organisation. The main purpose of learning and development is to improve your standard of work. This can be in the form of training which can either be formal education or training on the job and can be an in-house training program or an external training course. The organisation can benefit from individual learning and development because when members of staff leave, the organisation will have in-house replacements ready to fill essential job roles, ensuring they continue to run efficiently. Learning and development can also help individuals plan future career plans and open more career opportunities for themselves. 1.6 The progression route for myShow MoreRelatedMgmt 302 Final Essay1549 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Lauren Hodge-Clark Prof. McMahon MGMT 302-11 8 December 2014 Final Exam 1. What is the difference between downward communication and upward communication?   What is the primary purpose of each?  Is lateral communication any different? Downward communication- the transmission of information from manager to subordinate. Purpose-is to convey orders and information managers use to let their people know what it is that needs to be done and how well they are doing. Upward communication- the transfer ofRead MoreACCA P5 Interim Assessment Essay5876 Words   |  24 PagesACCA Paper P5 Advanced Performance Management December 2011 Interim Assessment – Answers To gain maximum benefit, do not refer to these answers until you have completed the revision mock questions and submitted them for marking. PAPER P5 : ADVANCED PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT  © Kaplan Financial Limited, 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this examination may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by Read MoreAward In Education Training 650231182 Words   |  105 PagesBookham. KT233PB Contents Page Constructing your Award in Education and Training portfolio 3 Guide to writing Award in Education and Training answers 3 4 Assessment record form 6 A) Unit 301 – requirements and assessment criteria 9 B) Unit 302 – requirements and assessment criteria 18 C) Unit 305 – requirements and assessment criteria 35 Portfolio, completion tracking and submission details 42 Constructing your Award in Education and Training portfolio You will be developingRead MoreUnit 3024935 Words   |  20 PagesLevel 3 Diploma in Specialist Support for Teaching and Learning in Schools Assignment – Unit 302 Schools as organisations (also includes unit 306 1.1, unit 333 1.1) Summarise entitlement and provision for early years’ education (Refer to Childcare Act 2006 and Every Child matters) (1.1) As part of the Childcare Act 2006 and every child matters, all 3 and 4 year old children in England are able to receive free, partRead MoreStrategic Management for Ikea12190 Words   |  49 Pages At the strategy analysis stage, a firm, in this assignment IKEA will identify and evaluate its external and internal environment. External environment can be further divided into general environment and also the competitive environment. The use of several tools such as PESTEL analysis, Porter’s five forces, Value chain analysis, SWOT analysis is essential to assist IKEA to identify the firm operating environment. At strategy formulation stage, IKEA focus on to attain and sustain a competitive advantageRead MoreOrganizational Theory and Behavior6990 Words   |  28 Pagescontains the essentials for the establishment of a high-performance team. First, the foundation of this paper consists of the explanation on how to become a high-performance team. Second, the definition and the impact of demographic characteristics and cultural diversity on group behavior are implemented in the paper. Description of how the affects of demographic characteristics and cultural diversity can enhance or divert high-performance. The five stages of group development such as forming, stormingRead MoreManagement Control Systems Pdf115000 Words   |  460 PagesApproaches to Management Control Systems Designing Management Control Systems Key Success Variables as Control Indicators Organizing for Adaptive Control Autonomy and Responsibility Transfer Pricing 3 15 28 42 57 71 87 PART II: MANAGEMENT CONTROL ENVIRONMENT Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Strategic Planning and Programming Budget as an Instrument of Control Reward Systems 20 PART III: MANAGEMENT CONTROL PROCESSES 09 Read MoreProton6764 Words   |  28 Pages[pic] University of Malaya Faculty of Business and Accountancy Graduate School of Business Master of Business Administration ___________________________________________ CMGB 6101 – MARKETING MANAGEMENT [pic] PRODUCT : PROTON EXORA 2 For: Michael M.Dent Msc, MPhil, MCIM Prepared by: Halisah Ashari CGA 080108 Linda Sim Siew Kian CGA 080016 Teh Chye Beng CGA 080035 CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 1. INTRODUCTION Read MoreStudy Guide Essay25129 Words   |  101 Pagescapable of completing a degree program through distance learning. Our faculty and administration have been involved in distance learning for over forty years and understand the characteristics common to successful students in this unique educational environment. This course was prepared by CCU faculty members who are not only outstanding educators but who have real world experience. They have prepared these guidelines to help you successfully complete your educational goals and to get the most from yourRead MoreHeinz Case12213 Words   |  49 Pages[pic] H.J. Heinz Company A Managerial Accounting Perspective Jarrod Brinker Mita Harkness Michelle Panatex Kathy Rodriguez Michel Valbrun Memo 1 DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS 1.1 Identification and mapping of processes 2 METHODOLOGY 2.1 Explanation of Methodology 2.2 Effort in Methodology Refinement 3 REGRESSION ANALYSIS 3.1 Predictive Analysis 3.2 Interpretation of Findings 4 COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS 4.1 Breakeven Analysis

Sample Finance of External Sources

Introduction A company has a wide range of sources to finance different activities in the business. Company can choose from various sources of finance depending upon the amount of capital required by them and also the time period for which the capital is needed. Companies mainly need capital to finance their expansion plans, to buy new machinery or to enter in the new market. Before taking the finance the company must evaluate various parameters because it will help in selecting the best available source of finance (Rigby, 2011). Some of the parameters that should be considered are as follows: Finance cost of the fund Tenure (Time period for which the fund is needed) Amount of leverage fund Financial conditions prevailing in the economy Risk associated with the company, as well as, with the industry in the company functions. The Financial sources of business can be classified by following basis: According to period Long term sources Medium term sources Short term sources According to ownership Owners capital or equity capital, retained earning Borrowed capital, such as debentures, public deposits, loans According to source of generation Internal sources External sources There are mainly two sources of finance in the business i.e. Internal Sources of Finance and External Sources of finance. In the Internal Sources of finance, fund is obtained from inside the business. Financing from this option is very cheaper as compared to the external sources of finance (Read, 2002). In case of the external sources of finance, money if generated from outside the business and on this amount of finance, the company has to pay some amount of interest that can be fixed or variable. The various finance options in each source are as follows: Internal Sources of Finance Retained Earning Owners Capital (Generated from internal sources) Current Assets Sale of Fixed Assets External Sources of finance Bank Loan or Overdraft Share Issue Leasing Hire Purchase Mortgage Trade Credit Government Grants External Sources of finance An external source of finance is the method of raising funds from outside the business. In this source of finance, the company buys money from the financial institutions or from any other medium like shareholders, government, etc. On these funds, company has to pay an agreed amount of interest at the fixed interval over a set period of time. These sources can be for medium or long term period. Medium term finance refers to the funds which are required for the period exceeding one year but not more than five years, and long term finance refers to the funds that are required for the period exceeding 5-10 years (Dlabay Burrow, 2007). Generally, these funds are required for the investment in fixed assets like plant, machinery, starting new business, entering the new market or for expansion purposes. Different External finance sources in detail are as follows: Shareholders Capital This is the most commonly used source of finance, used by all listed companies. Large companies typically generate the finance both publicly and privately. Companies issue their stocks in the open market and these shares are taken by the general public at predefined price. In this way, people who have invested in the company become the shareholder of the company and these shareholders ultimately become the owner of the company. As per an expert opinion, shareholders capital is one of the best ways to generate long term finance (Moynihan Titley, 2001). The big advantage of this source of finance is that companies dont have to repay the interest on the amount collected. The individual or group of people, who had subscribed to shares of the company become the owner of the business and also gets the rights in the part of the distributed profits of the company. Companies can issue two types of shares in the open market i.e. Common stock, also known as owners capital, and preferred stock. Common Stock or Owners capital A quoted company can raise funds for long term purpose by issuing common stock in the general public. Some of the characteristics of this type of capital are as follows: It is the source of permanent capital and equity shareholders are the ultimate owners of the company as they are only who bear the risk. Common stockholders are entitled to dividends after all the other claims of stakeholders are paid. So, dividends to common stockholders are paid from the appropriation of profits and not charge against the profit. Generally, the capital cost of common stock is high because the fact is that such shareholders invest only in those companies, where there is a higher rate of return and low risk (Albrecht, Stice Stice, 2010). Advantages and disadvantages of raising funds by the issue of common stock are as follows: In this source of finance, the capital raised is not to be paid back to investors. So, the company does not have any liability for cash outflow regarding the redemption of this capital. This source of finance builds up the financial base for the company that helps further to buy the other sources of finance. Companies are not legally liable to pay dividends to the common shareholders. So, at the time of uncertainties or when the company is not doing well, the dividend amount can be reduced or even postponed. By this source of finance, the company can raise more funds by making the right issue. Company can also buy back the shares in the open market or announcing the buy back, which will reduce the amount of extra capital not required by the company. Apart from the above mentioned advantages, there are also some disadvantages that are explained below: This source of finance has a high cost because dividends do not involve any tax deduction and also the floatation cost (expenditure at the time of raising the capital) of such issue is higher. This source of finance is regarded as the most risky as there is uncertainty in the amount of dividends and the capital invested. The issue of further common stock reduces the earning per share amount of older stockholders until the profits are distributed according to the proportion of the existing and recently issued stock. The right issue also reduces the proportionate ownership of the existing shareholders, and ultimately dilutes the control power of the previous investors. Preferred Stock This type of stock is somewhat similar to the common stockholders. The major difference in both types of stocks is that in the common stock, it is not legally compulsory to pay any dividends, but in case of the preferred stock, it is compulsory to pay a fixed amount of dividend (Megginson Smart, 2008). Characteristics of the preferred stock are as under: This is the long term source of finance and can be raised by issuing the preferred stock in the common public. The dividend payable on this stock is Cumulative in nature i.e. dividend which is to be paid in any particular year but unfortunately due to the loss it remains unpaid, then such dividends carried over to the next year till there are adequate profits. The rate of dividend is generally higher than other rates of interest on bonds and loans. The fund received on the issue of this stock has to be repaid after a particular time period. There are some advantages of the preferred stock, like these stock do not attract ownership in the company and the dividend amount is fixed. Therefore, the preferred stockholders do not participate in the surplus profits as in the case of the common stockholders. This type of capital can be redeemed after the specified time period and also it does not affect the EPS on further issue of stock. There are mainly two disadvantages associated with this type of finance, one is that there is no tax advantage on the amount of the dividend paid and the other one is that the preferred dividends are cumulative in nature. Bonds In this type of financing, funds can be raised by issuing bonds in the name of the listed company. Generally, these bonds are issued to the general public, but they can also be issued to the financial institutions in lieu of the equivalent amount of loans. Basically bonds are issued in different market rates, but the face value carries the fixed amount, which is defined before issuing the bonds. These bonds are issued on the basis of bond trust deed that contains the terms and conditions on which the bonds are floated. Bonds can be secured or unsecured. Secured bonds are those bonds that have a charge on the Non-current assets of the company and carries low rate of interest. On the other hand, unsecured bonds are those bonds that are issued at a high rate of interest, but do not create the charge on the non-current assets of the company (Nevitt Fabozzi, 2000). This source of finance is more favorable to investors as compared to the preferred stock because interest on bonds is payabl e whether or not the company makes earnings. The cost of bond is much lower than the cost of preferred stock as tax is deducted on the amount of interest paid on bonds. Also, investors consider this source of finance as the safest to invest because bond holders receive their amount prior to the preferred and common stockholders. The main disadvantage of bond financing is that the interest and capital repayment are obligatory payments. This source of finance also enhances the financial risk as the amount of debt is increased (Mayo, 2011). Loan from Banks or financial institution The easiest source of finance is financing through commercial banks or finance institution. The main purpose of banks is to provide loans to the needy persons and earn interest on the amount of the loan given. Generally, banks provide short term loans, but now banks have started taking interest in the long term source of finance. The loans provided by banks or finance institutions are available at different rates of interest under different schemes and these are to be repaid according to the defined payment schedule. Generally, banks provide for the purpose of expansion or for setting up the new units (Werner Stoner, 2010). Apart from the bank loan facility, there is another type of financing called as Venture capital financing. In this type of financing, capitalists finance the high risky venture promoted by the qualified entrepreneurs. The venture capitalist makes investment to purchase the common stock and bonds issued by the company. In this way, they become the partial owner of the company (Coyle, 2000). Lease Financing Lease financing is the general contract between the owner and the user of assets for the specified time period. In this type of financing, the lessor initially purchases the assets and thereafter, leases it to the lessee company. The lessee company pays a fixed amount at the periodical interval for the specified time period (Graham, Smart Megginson, 2009). Lease financing is divided into two categories on the basis of the ownership, one is the operating lease and the other one is the financing lease. Conclusion At last, it can be concluded that there are several sources of finance available to the company. Sources of finance mainly depend upon the need of the company. In this way, these sources of finance can be sub divided into internal and external sources of finance. To meet the long term finance needs, there are many sources of finance available to the company. Some of the sources are share capital (common and preferred), bonds, venture capital financing, lease financing, etc. All these sources of finance have some advantages and some disadvantages, which is judged on the basis of the term these sources can be used, cost of capital, tax benefits, ownership, tenure of the finance and most important on the basis of the amount of money outflow for raising the funds. References Albrecht , W. S., Stice, E. K. Stice, J. D. (2010). Financial Accounting. Mason: Cengage Learning.Coyle, B. (2000). Venture Capital and Buyouts. USA: Global Professional Publishing.Dlabay, L. R. Burrow, J. L. (2007). Business Finance. Mason: Cengage Learning.Graham, J. R., Smart, S. B. Megginson, W. L. (2009). Corporate Finance: Linking Theory to What Companies Do + Thomson One - Business School Edition 6-month and Smart Finance Printed Access Card. Mason: Cengage Learning.Mayo, H. B. (2011). Basic Finance: An Introduction to Financial Institutions, Investments, and Management. Mason: Cengage Learning.Megginson, W. L. Smart, S. B. (2008). Introduction to Corporate Finance. Mason: Cengage Learning.Moynihan, D. Titley, B. (2001). Advanced Business. New York: Oxford University Press.Nevitt, P. K. Fabozzi, F. J. (2000). Project Financing. London: Euromoney Books.Read, L.H. (2002). The Financing of Small Business: A Comparative Study of Male and Female Small Business Owners. New Yor k: Routledge.Rigby, G. (2011). Types and Sources of Finance for Start-up and Growing Businesses. Britain: Harriman House.Werner Stoner (2010). Modern Financial Managing; Continuity and Change. Freeload Press, Inc.Griffiths, M. 2013. Agile Requirements Uncertainty. [Online]. Avalibale at: https://leadinganswers.typepad.com/ [Accessed on: 30 August 2014].Kumar, M., Antony, J., Singh, R.K., Tiwari, M.K. and Perry, D. 2011. Implementing the Lean Sigma framework in an Indian SME: a case study. Production Planning Control 17(4), pp. 407-423.

The Emotional Effects of “Euthanasia” Among Healthcare Providers and Patients free essay sample

The proposition of euthanasia has been, and still is a large debate between various groups of people throughout the world. Many factors contribute to how euthanasia affects society as a whole, but everyday patient and caregivers (physicians, nurses) are manipulated and influenced by the pressures and contributing influences of Euthanasia, which not only affects their jobs but their personal lives as well. A lot of research and time has been put towards the underlying factors of euthanasia and the pressure that it creates among people emotionally which is impacting the healthcare profession altogether. Many of the research studies that have been done regarding euthanasia have been accumulated by using anonymous questionnaires concerning patients and physicians in various cultures, random surveys on physicians and nurses, research on a numerous amount of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide cases and the physicians report on the case, and how the depression stage in the 5 stages of grief model alters a patients perception and judgment on euthanasia. The substantial amount of research that has been conducted has been very helpful for understanding things regarding euthanasia, but it has also brought about additional questions that acutely concern people. For example, is postponing death the right thing to do or should a patient with a terminally ill disease have the right to make the decision to end their life? Much of the research that has been manipulated has proven the importance of the patient and the caregiver’s relationship and how the outcome of many cases regarding terminally ill patients is affected by euthanasia. The Emotional Effects of â€Å"Euthanasia† Among Healthcare Providers and Patients Euthanasia is a very emotional subject and has garnered debate within the healthcare profession. Research has shown that one of the main factors of choosing euthanasia is depression. Often times, patients with terminally ill diseases become depressed at some point before they die. Depression alters their perception, therefore affecting their ability to think rationally. When physicians begin to recognize a change in their patient’s behavior, this is when it is crucial for the physician to be able to become aware of the certain warning signs of depression. Because of this, physicians need to stay highly alert of their patient’s emotional state, provide a therapeutic relationship, and take precautions to prevent their patient from committing suicide (Taffard, 2011). People throughout their lives aren’t taught how to psychologically handle how to take care of someone that unexpectedly is about to die, so when physician’s are put in situations with a patient that has a terminally ill disease, many uncertain emotions arise complicating the physician’s professional duty and the patient’s sensitivity. Other research that has been analyzed has shown that a large number of physicians and nurses have experienced patients with some sort of terminally ill disease that has expressed feelings towards their caregiver about euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide. These healthcare professionals explained that the main things they noticed about their relationships with these terminally ill patients included there being communication barriers, judgments and thoughts about suicide, unresolved grief, emotions, inadequate knowledge, and justifications for euthanasia (Valente, 2011). The causes creating these circumstances between the patient and caregiver can create overbearing emotions. The intense emotions of the patient suffering and being depressed and the caregiver having immense feelings for the patient potentially leads the patient and the caregiver to believe that euthanasia is an acceptable alternative. End of Life Sensitivity of Different Physicians, Patients, and Family Members Since euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide is such a perplex topic, many interventions and surveys have been done. Some of the interventions that are administered at the end of someone’s life in specific cases like terminally ill patients include withdrawal of futile life-sustaining treatment, active pain control, withholding of life-sustaining measures, and active euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (Yun amp; Han, 2011). Withdrawal of futile life-sustaining treatment has to do with when a physician doesn’t have the â€Å"ethically† continue to treat a patient that they believe is not being benefited by their treatment. Active pain control is when a patient with a chronic and terminally ill disease is continuously being treated for the severe pain they are in through the use of study pain medications. Lastly, withholding of life-sustaining measures is also known as life support and is when a patient is continuously treated to prolong their life but with no cure or treatment that will reverse the medical condition. All of those interventions have to do with the end of a patient’s life which alternatively, in most cases, leads to euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide. In other words, most interventions involving end of life patients relate to euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. A study was administered to four different groups of people about their attitudes towards these specific end of life medical interventions and the study included 3,840 individuals that consisted of 1,242 of the participants being cancer patients, 1,289 of the participants being family members, 303 of the participants being physicians, and 1,006 of the participants being just within the general population of the area. Doing a research study like this one, is a proficient way to show how people really feel about euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide because they are categorized into separate groups depending on how they are related to the topic of euthanasia. To begin the study, each participant was administered a questionnaire about the different interventions regarding the end of life of a person. All of the questionnaires were later collected and then compared by multivariable analyses’ in order to compare the different attitudes of the people and also to identify socio-demographic characteristics that were associated with these specific attitudes. The results within the four different groups varied depending on what intervention was being asked about. One of the most interesting things that the survey indicated about the attitudes of all of the participants within the survey was that almost all of them have positive attitudes toward the withdrawal of futile life-sustaining treatment and the practice of pain control (Yun amp; Han, 2011). This evidence therefore shows that emotionally all of the individuals, including the random subjects that were not related to the other three groups, are pro the concept â€Å"death with dignity† and are against â€Å"bad† ways of dying. The results also demonstrated that all of the participants agreed that patients at the end of their life shouldn’t have to suffer and should therefore be allowed to request high dosages of medication to avoid any type of pain. The other results showed variance in attitudes towards the other interventions, depending upon what â€Å"group† the individuals were associated with. The cancer patient group and the general public group had a good bit of similar attitudes that supported patient autonomy and speeding up the death process. Controversially, the physicians and the family members had negative attitudes towards the questions on euthanasia, physician-assisted suicide, and anything else that had to do with ways of speeding up the death process of patients. Another intriguing thing that the study showed was that many of people’s attitudes towards euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide were associated with age. The participants that were older in age showed a lot more positive attitudes towards euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide then the participants that were younger in age. Overall, this study highlights the pressures that a physician faces when deciding whether to perform euthanasia. The study proved that people’s emotions highly affect their attitudes and why they make some of the decisions they do when it comes to the end of someone’s life. Above all, one main conclusion was that everyone, no matter if you were the one suffering from cancer or if you were perfectly healthy, agreed with each other when it came to the interventions on active pain control and withdrawal of futile life-sustaining treatment. Therefore this concludes that everyone agrees that there is no reason to prolong a patient to continue suffering and that they should be allowed to â€Å"end their life†. Conversely, when euthanasia was brought into the picture, there was a split in the attitudes of the participants. The general population and the cancer patients were in favor of euthanasia and this is most likely because of two things. The cancer patients were the ones that were suffering and new that they only had a certain amount of time left to live, so therefore this emotionally affected how they felt about ending their life early so they wouldn’t have to suffer. The general population wasn’t related to the terminally ill cancer patients in any way, so therefore they continued to agree that there is no need to prolong the suffering of patients that have a terminally ill disease. The other two groups’ attitudes, for the most part, had a different perspective of euthanasia. The physicians were emotionally distressed by the idea of it for a number of reasons including that they may be uncertain about the prognosis, religious beliefs, legal circumstances, and mainly because they feared of putting pressure upon the vulnerable patients. The family members were against the idea of it for emotionally reasons as well, but for differential reasons. They didn’t want to lose someone that they loved and especially didn’t want to feel as if they had anything to do with the death of their loved one. They didn’t realize how much physical pain their family member was in because they were influenced by all of their own emotions, and contritely the patient didn’t realize how much misery their family was in because the physical pain they were suffering through was altering their ability to think proficiently. This study is a conclusive illustration of how terminally ill diseases emotionally affect patients, physicians, and family members in complete different ways, and why euthanasia can be such an overwhelming decision for any of these person to have to make. How Euthanasia Affects the Patient When one is diagnosed with a terminally ill disease, there are no words to describe how that person is feeling. Trying to understand how someone feels that has been told that they only have a few months to live is incomprehensible. A terminally ill disease is one from which there is no expectation of recovery. Once someone is told that they have a disease that is incurable and that they only have a certain amount of time left to live, their whole world has been flipped upside down instantly. This can be very hard on a person physically as well as emotionally and this is when the â€Å"5 stages of grieving† comes into play. The normal phases that someone goes through during an illness is the before diagnosis phase, the acute phase, and the recovery phase. After the recovery phase, the patient is healthy again and continues going about their life like nothing ever happened. The stage’s a patient goes through with a terminally ill disease is nothing like that unfortunately. There is no recovery phase for these patients. The disease they have acquired is chronic so therefore instead of getting better, they continue to get worse. As there health continues to decline the patients know that every minute that passes by, is a minute closer to when they are going to die. There is no positive outlook on terminally ill diseases like there is for acute diseases because someone with a chronic disease knows there isn’t a chance for them to get better, only for them to get worse and die. It is a life-changing situation, not only for the patient but for the patient’s family and friends as well, and can trigger mixed emotions and can be a very confusing matter for someone to understand. In many cases, patients in these situations become extremely depressed alternatively provoking them to start having thoughts of suicide. Most patients don’t realize that they are depressed and believe that committing suicide is the only way out. Statistics today show that nearly 90% of patients that are suffering from terminal illnesses who attempt suicide are depressed (Taffard, 2011). Overall, cancer patients have statistically been shown to be effected by depression more than people with other diseases because patients that have been diagnosed with some sort of cancer have a higher chance that the disease is terminal (Yun amp; Han, 2011). Depression is a serious illness that can corrupt and affect someone’s ability to properly think and make decisions, and this is why patients that are depressed chose to take their own life instead of going through the grieving process of death. The five stages a patient goes through that has been diagnosed with a terminally ill disease are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. These stages are better known as the â€Å"five stages of grief†. These five stages have been developed in order to establish a healthy process of emotions that one goes through before they die. Once a patient has accepted the terms with their illness, they can then come to peace with themselves and can continue the rest of their life being happy by surrounding themselves with people and commodities that they love. Unfortunately because of the rapid growing awareness of euthanasia and assisted suicide, the† grieving process† isn’t as effective as it used to be on patients. Once someone undergoes the depression stage, a lot of the times it is hard for them to get out of it. A lot of these patients feel as if they are a burden to society and their family. They see themselves as basically just a waste of society’s medical and financial resources which therefore summons them to believe that they might as well just commit suicide or have their physician do it for them. The patient is very emotionally unstable and has feelings of intense sadness, hopelessness, emptiness, and exhaustion (Taffard, 2011). Caregivers seeing their patients this depressed and in so much pain can emotionally exhaust them as well. This generally is what contributes and influences caregivers to help their patients go through with death so that they don’t have to suffer anymore. Legalization of Euthanasia and the Illusions of Safeguards and Controls In today’s society, with people’s growing awareness of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, the concept of it is rapidly becoming thought of as an acceptable alternative for terminally ill patients (Taffard, 2011). A small number of countries and even a few states in the United States have legalized euthanasia. As of today the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg have legalized euthanasia. In the United States, Oregon and Washington have legalized euthanasia respectively, mandating it to the extent that a terminal illness with a prognosis of less than 6 months to live has to be present before there are even thoughts about euthanasia being taken place. As for the rest of the United States, euthanasia still remains completely illegal. As goes for all other mandated laws, there are rules and regulations that have been created in order to prevent euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide practices from being abused and misused. Laws, safeguards, and prevention measures that have been placed upon legalization of euthanasia include that the requesting person must provide an explicit written consent and must be competent at the time the request is made, it has to be voluntary, it has to be well-considered and informed, there must be mandatory reporting of all cases, administration can be done only by physicians, and there must be consultations by a second physician (Lofmark amp; Nilsun, 2008). Unfortunately, in many cases these laws and safeguards are abused and are regularly ignored. Research shows that a huge factor that influences why these laws are likely to be abused is because many of the cases are simply not even reported so therefore no one is prosecuted of doing anything wrong. A study showed that about 900 people annually were administered lethal substances without given explicit consent, and in on jurisdiction, almost 50% of the cases of euthanasia were not reported (Pereira, 2011). Another concern that has been addressed is the involvement of nurses within the practice of euthanasia because all the jurisdictions require that the acts of euthanasia be performed only by physicians. A recent study though showed that 120 nurses reported having cared for a patient who received life-ending drugs without explicit request (Pereira, 2011). A lot of these cases, the physicians were reported to not even be present. Clinical depression regarding patients with terminally ill disease has created an additional problem with the legalization of euthanasia. A recent study in Oregon demonstrated that 1 in 6 patients with a terminally ill disease had clinical depression and still received a prescription for a lethal drug. Clearly, there are a lot of issues that need to be addressed regarding the legalization of euthanasia and the jurisdiction laws that are required to be followed during the administrative process. Since people’s awareness and knowledge on the subject matter of euthanasia is growing so rapidly these days, many more people are beginning to create publicity regarding legalizing it. Based on recent studies on euthanasia throughout different countries, many of the safeguards, protocols, and laws drastically need to be changed and more strictly enforced. Conclusion An extensive amount of research has been done regarding euthanasia, and a lot of it shows how the effects of it in general drastically take an emotional toll upon not only the sick patient, but the healthcare professionals as well. Depression clearly is a main factor that contributing to the downfall of a terminally ill patient. Explicitly, many physicians struggle emotionally as they watch their patient as they suffer. These deep emotions intertwined together, lead to euthanasia being the only resort in which the physician believes they can help their patient and the patient being able to not have to suffer anymore.