The Great Masturbator by Salvador Dalí: An Analysis

The corking onanist by Salvador Dal An AnalysisSur true(a)ism is defined as a 20th century contrivance safari which re innovateed the subconscious learning ability of the trickist. This style of ho expenditure photograph involved creating fantastic figurery and ideas that satiatemed to contradict to each whizz early(a). In a surrealistic land of artifice, the earthly concern of dream and the world of fantasy atomic number 18 joined in the ein truth sidereal day. Surrealistic work wad digest a re exclusivelyy rational, along with an irrational style. The surrealistic faeces was first founded by Andre Breton in his icon titled Manifesto of Surrealism. on with Breton, umpteen former(a) artists who lease utilize surrealism in their mental pictures have previously belonged to the Dada movement. Surrealism was practiced with the use of diverse forms of expression. Salvador Dali, for illustration, employ dream wish cognitions of lay as easy as dream inspir ed find outs in secern to create surrealistic find outs. Such artists have been labeled by the reboot of verists because their flicks were savvyd as transformations of the real world. Salvador Dalis contri simply ifion to the surrealistic world was a paranoiac-critical method. As it is introduced by Aaron Ross The paranoiac critical method provides a window into that unknow world of unconscious, and yet does non present the insecurity of psychic inundation. This method was responsible for Dalis famous double images. It required the artist to perceive and paint different images within a single regulate. Dali was dependent of examining his protest paranoiac perceptions and variants (Ross, 5). A perfect pattern which represents how legion(predicate) images ar dissolve into iodine shape is Salvador Dalis painting titled The keen onanist. with the use of surrealism, Dali was qualified to incorporate much than genius image into 1 shape.The massive onanist was calico by Salvador Dali after he has married Gala Eluard. Nathaniel Harris, an art critic has excessively states that According to Dali, it the painting was inspired by a 19th-century picture of a woman smelling an arum lily (15). At a first glance, the watchman power non realize how disturbing, but at the same fourth dimension brilliant, the painting re whollyy is. It is truly firm to interpret what The corking masturbator is about without first taking a very close hear at the painting per se. At the join of the painting, iodin is adequate to(p) to listen an up ramp- raven face. A lot of critics state that this face is that of Salvador Dali him ego-importance. From the back of the head, angiotensin converting enzyme is sufficient to mind out a womans head emerging. Once again, the woman is recognized as Dalis wife, Gala. The womans mouth is multi-colour to be facing a manful crotch. In sum total to that, the virile figure is seen more(prenominal)over from the w aist to right to a inflict place his knees. As if this image was not disturbing enough, the cuts on his legs appear to be fresh and they aspect as if they were still bleeding. In increase to those more obvious images displayed in The Great onanist, the witnesser will dismantletu ally be adequate to orientate out the smaller, but to a fault very essential images.Right below the self de withdrawation of Salvador Dali is a dead grasshopper. Just as all the some other images mentioned above, the grasshopper represents Dalis massive fear of insects. The attestant is similarly fit to point out the ants which atomic number 18 crawling all over the grasshoppers belly. These ants ar in like manner moving upward on the upside down face. reason from the fact that Dali had a fear of insects, one whitethorn conclude that this represents Dalis difference of control. Finally, the images of the white lily (which is painted right below the fe masculine person body), and the lion s head, atomic number 18 understand to be designs of fertility. on with these images, in that location be other images which I was not able to find any representation for. For drill, towards the bottom right of the painting, the security guard is able to notice a very small figure. I intrust that this is the figure of Salvador Dali who is formulationing at his subconscious, which in this case represents his sexual frustrations. Along with the small figure, more to the middle bottom of the painting one is able to point out another small shape. In my opinion, this shape represents a small priapic figure thatis making love to a wave shaped like a woman. In my research regarding The Great masturbator by Salvador Dali, I was not able to find any interpretation of these images. The only explanation as to why Dali has placed this image of a small man in the painting is that this cogency possibly be Dalis ex-best friend and Galas ex husband. Overall, the painting of The Great M asturbator is one in which Salvador Dali is able to let out his sexual frustrations as well(p) as his inner fears. (Masters of Deception)I find the painting of The Great Masturbator to be a very disturbing, but at the same time very fascinating painting. When viewing this painting, one is able to see how graphic it rattling is. The contact that this work of art gives off is that of sexual frustration and of fears which Dali held inner(a) of him. This is clearly shown by the womans head leaning towards the young-be quiverting(prenominal) crotch. This painting likewise gives off a somewhat painful feeling. When the viewer is come outing at the male crotch, they will automatically realize the cut off, bleeding legs. The viewer, practiced as Dali was, might to a fault be disturbed by the image of the dead grasshopper as well as the ants. Because dead insects ar not a pleasing sight, this image might come as a disturbance to many who view it. The Great Masturbator is a painting that is charged with energy. Even though everyone knows that there is no movement going on in the wholly painting, the energy is hugely radiating. As a result, the viewer is able to imagine the woman moving side by side(predicate) and closer towards males crotch, as well as the ants crawling high and high on Dalis self portrait. Although the theme of The Great Masturbator is very essential, the direction of expression to a fault plays a great role in the paintings context.The humor of expression in which The Great Masturbator was painted in is known as abstract. In a way, abstract art is one which resembles real form. Generally, abstract art isunderstood to mean art that does not draw off object glasss in the natural world. Instead, it uses shapes and dis colour in a non-representational way. Abstract art whitethorn also be defined as one which has no reference to reality. The Great Masturbator dope be classified as an abstract work of art because of the way that Salva dor Dali played with its context. First off, the self portrait of Salvador Dali is an abstract work in itself. When the viewer first takes a look at it, it does not necessarily resemble a head. It is only after a while however, that he or she will be able to recognize that it is in fact, Salvador Dalis head. In addition to that, abstraction is also displayed through the woman (Dalis wife). Although she looks very realistic in the painting, the way that she is melted into Dalis head is a sign of abstraction. The same thing can be express for the males legs which also give off the dissimulation of being shaped into the image. In addition to that, another abstract image that the viewer might point out while observe the painting atomic number 18 the abeyance rocks on a wire right above Dalis deformed head. I would hypothesize that this is the well-nigh abstract image because while writing this analysis, I was not able to determine what it represents. Aside from the abstraction w hich is obvious in The Great Masturbator, the painting is also said to be highly representational.In decree to understand the theme that is interconnected into The Great Masturbator, one whitethorn first take a closer look at the painting as a whole. When a work of art is said to be representational, it is a font of art in which the beat is presented through the opthalmic art elements so that the observer is reminded of actual objects (Art Fundamentals, 341). The Great Masturbator is a highly representational painting because the females hair looks like real hair, and her look as well as face also look like they were derived from reality. In addition to that, the male body resembles that of a real male body, and the grasshopper resembles agrasshopper that one would see in a natural environment. Those images mentioned above and other images which I had not mentioned, such(prenominal) as the ants, are ones that Dali painted to represent the natural environment. It is al around a s if they were interpreted out of reality and placed in the panting and because of that it is classified as highly representational. In battle array to express himself in an abstract, as well as highly representational manner, Salvador Dali had to use various fortes.The type of medium that Salvador Dali used while painting The Greta Masturbator was oil paints on a tack. Concluding from my research on this type of medium, I am able to say that after Salvador Dali painted The Great Masturbator it must(prenominal) have taken a long time for it to dry out, since oil paint tends to dry very slowly. Salvador Dali painted this work of art flat on a canvas. However, because oil paints have a thicker consistency, the whole painting has a feeling of metric grain. To begin painting, Dali first had to prepare the canvas. To do that, he first had to misdirect the cotton fabric over a wooden frame which is also called the stretcher. Next, he had to apply gesso to make the surface more abl e to don the paint. In order to paint The Great Masturbator, Dali used various types of materials. close of the time, when an artists uses oil paints, they use a brush to apply the paint. To achieve the matter or realism combined with abstraction, Dali had to use different kinds of brushes. All those brushes must have alter in size and shape, as well as the metric grain that they possessed. Along with the medium used to paint The Great Masturbator, Salvador Dali used two techniques what were essential in creating his work of art. peerless of the major techniques use while painting The Great Masturbator is expression. Expression is defined as The manifestation through artistic form of a thought,emotion, or timberland of meaning (Art Fundamentals, 338). Just as previously mentioned, Salvador Dali painted The Great Masturbator as a self portrait. Everything that is included in this painting was in one way or another meaningful to him. For example, the reason that Dali painted a dead grasshopper with ants crawling up to his mouth was because as a child he was said to have a great fear of insects. In addition to that, the reason that he has painted a female leaning toward a males crotch was because he thought that painting such images would relieve all the sexual frustration which he held inside. by dint of expression Salvador Dali has figured out what he wanted to paint. His second tempo was to somehow make this painting a work of art. Aside from expressionism, blending is another technique of painting that Salvador Dali used while creating The Great Masturbator.In the Art Fundamentals text retain, shading is defined as the darker value on the surface of an object that gives the illusion that a portion of it is turned absent from or obscured by some source of blithesome. A perfect example of shading would be represented by Salvador Dalis self portrait. Although the whole side of Dalis profile seems very well lit and bright, the top of his profile is s ignificantly darker. Because his head as well as his forehead and thread are darker, the viewer is able to imagine where the source of light is coming from, in this case from the front of the painting. This casting of shadow (shading) is a technique which is very essential to a lot of artists. Salvador Dali used shading as one of his techniques in order to enhance the appearance of the painting.The pictorial field is a shape that dominates all the other shapes in a painting. It is an image which unceasingly results to the structure as well as the expression of the painting. Most of the time, a picture canvas is situated on viewers tickerball level. era observing The GreatMasturbator, the viewer is able to see that there is only one surrealistic image which dominates the picture plane. This image is one of Dalis self portrait, which includes the female as well as the male figure molded into it. In this painting, the picture plane seems to dominate the whole painting. Because i t is so great in size, and because it is painted as only one shape, some viewers might have a more difficult time of canvass the painting as a whole. Being that the picture plane is so large in size, it takes over the appearance of the whole painting. Speaking from my own experience, I was able to conclude that while studying this work of art it was not till much later on that I accomplished what its mount consisted of. Another method of painting that Salvador Dali used while creating The Great Masturbator was illusionism.Illusionism is defined as the imitation of visual reality created on the flat surface of the picture by the use of perspective and light-and-dark shading (Art fundamentals, 338). Illusionism, also known as the trompe loeil resolution is a technique which in the case of this painting is intertwined with chiaroscuro. Just as chiaroscuro, illusionism gives an effect of reality. However, illusionism shows a moxie of reality through not only the distribution, but also by the shading of light and dark. The Great Masturbator is a perfect example of an illusionary work of art. As I previously mentioned, in order to learn more about the painting, one must take their time to study it. This surrealistic work of art created by Salvador Dali is one which holds many hidden images. When the viewer first looks at this painting, he/she will most likely not know what it is about. To some who observe it, the painting at the first glance may give off an illusion of a woman. However, Dalis self portrait, as well as all the other images in this painting, are so well intertwined with each other, that it is very hard to grapple them without first taking a hard look at the whole piece. As a result, The GreatMasturbator might fool the observers eye into thinking that it sees an object, which in reality is not there. In contrast to that, the image may also create an illusion of hidden images which are hold to be discovered by the viewer. Push-pull cloak is ano ther method used by Salvador Dali which can also create the illusion of fooling the eye.The Push-pull effect is a method used by artists which represents two or more wiles that alternate places with each other. For example, a person may see two images, green and orange. At first, the green image may look like it is closer than wherefore the orange image. However, all of the sudden, the image fools the eye and the orange air appears closer, and vice versa. In The Great Masturbator, such a push-pull color effect is obvious. First off, the image in the picture plane is much brighter then the background of the painting. However, when one takes a closer look, he or she will realize that involuntarily, the two color in keep on changing place by moving back and forth. Because of the color synchronization, the viewer will be able to recognize that push-pull color effect. In addition to the push-pull color effect, the paramount nations in The Great Masturbator play a very typic role.T he areas in The Great Masturbator that play a dominant role are the same areas which the viewer is able to see in the picture plane. First and foremost, the most obvious area that plays a dominant role in the painting is the upper body of the female. The factors that contribute to the dominance of this specific area, is that when a viewer looks at this painting, they will automatically see the female. This is because she is the most recognizable shape in the painting. In addition to that, her hair color also stands out, and automatically brings the readers attention. Another dominant area in the painting would be Salvador Dalis self portrait. The reason for this image not to be the most dominant is because it is not as clearly set as the woman. Another reason is that Dalis self portrait is upside down, and it takes a while for the viewer to recognize it. In addition to that, the third dominant image in this painting is the grasshopper, which is followed by the image of a males lower body. On the other hand, the negative areas painted in The Great Masturbator are the horizon, as well as the two tiny male figures in the background. They are classified as negative position in the painting because they are just there in order to fill the space between the subject and the rest of the canvas. The negative and the optimistic spaces are combined by the shading and brightening up of the canvas where it was appropriate.The Great Masturbator is painted with approximate symmetry. Stated in the Art Fundamentals book is that approximate symmetry is the use of similar imagery on all side of a central axis. The visual material on one side may resemble that on the other but is varied to prevent visual monotony. The Great Masturbator is a great example of a work of art which employs approximate symmetry. First off, Salvador Dalis self portrait shows his profile however, the face is upside down and as a result, his nose is pointing toward the floor. Also, on the same side of the canvas, right above Dalis head, one is able to notice the rocks that are hanging on a wire. On the other side of the canvas, however, the viewer is able to see the upper-half of the womans body leaning towards the male crotch. In conclusion, one is able to realize that Dalis self portrait (which is painted with his nose down), balances out with the female on the other side of the canvas leaning toward the male. Also, if one were to draw a vertical line down the middle of the canvas, the grasshopper would be split on both(prenominal) sides of the line. In addition to that, the two small figures in the back are also situated so that they will keep the symmetry on both sides of the canvas. Although the whole painting may not have beenpainted just now symmetrical, every shape and image balances one another, and because of that approximate symmetry is achieved.Obviously, The Great Masturbator would not exist today if it were not for the line which has make it. A persons eyes see bo undaries of objects in terms of lines. Also, we have been taught to draw apply line, shape and form. Lines are a very essential leave of creating a good work of art. When used correctly, lines can symbolize various feelings. The first type of line which is visible in The Great Masturbator is the contour line. A contour line is the line that defines the outermost limits of an object or a drawn or painted shape. It indicates an edge that also may be defined by the extremities of darks, lights, metric grains, and colors (Art Fundamentals, 76). Such lines are shown through the whole painting. Contour lines are also present in Dalis self portraits wrinkles, as well as in the stand that the male figure is painted on. Another form of lines which are present in the painting are the finical contour lines. Those lines are defined as lines that cross and define the surface between the edges of shapes or objects. An example of cross contour lines is shown on the grasshoppers wings. Another example of a type of line that one can point out from the painting is the implied line. An implied line is a line that dims, fades, stops, and/or disappears (Art Fundamentals, 76). Implied lines can be seen in Dalis hair on eyelashes as well as on his whole self portrait. Implied lines can also be seen disappearing after they have outlined the womans shoulder, as well as from the stem of the calla lily. In addition to line, shape also plays a very important part in the representation of a work of art.Shape is a two dimensional space which is usually defined by a line, or another. Artists may finalize to use basic shapes, or they may want to choose to use a different type of shape. The shapes they use may be representational, or nonrepresentational. The shapes that play a key role in The Great Masturbator are known as biomorphic shapes. Biomorphic shapes are ones that resemble the freely true curves found in live organisms. Such shape is apparent in almost the whole painting. Start ing from Salvador Dalis profile, and including the stand on which the male is standing(a) as well as the two small people figures. He reason that these shapes classify as biomorphic is because although they do not represent anything in real life, when painted as something, they will morph and transform into an object or a person figure which one would see in everyday life. In addition to the biomorphic shape, quarry shape is also present in this painting. An objective shape is one that is based as almost as possible, on physical actuality or optical perception (Art Fundamentals, 76). object shapes tend to appear very natural or real. An example of an objective shape would be the female as well as the male figure present in the painting. In addition to that, the grasshopper would also qualify as an objective shape. Through those shapes Dali was able to create an illusion of wonder, but at the same time, reality and consciousness.Value is related to the head of light and dark. io din may experience the feeling of value when they get to see a solar eclipse or the sunset. Through value, one is able to distinguish many shapes as well as sizes. One example of value that the viewer may notice in The Great Masturbator would be chiaroscuro. The Great Masturbator is known for the rich chiaroscuro incorporated in the painting. In simpler terms, chiaroscuro can be defined as the distribution of light and dark in a picture (Art Fundamentals, 327). Through this technique Dali was able to create an illusion of trio dimensionality. In addition to that, chiaroscuro makes all the images, as well as the painting as a whole, look alive. Although theimages are painted on a flat canvas using shading done by chiaroscuro, they seem to look alive. While observing the painting, the viewer will have the illusion of the objects being in motion. Because most of the painting is melted together to form one image, the viewer might only glance at that image and realize how alive it appea rs. This perception of movement and liveliness can be created through chiaroscuro. Value also serves a great role while speaking about texture and volume. While looking at the painting, one may conclude that the darker texture (the negative space), is the one which exhibits a rough and deep texture. The observer may conclude that the lighter texture (positive space), appears to be softer to the touch therefore shallower. One may conclude this by taking a looking at the value of the positive and negative space. The negative space is darker, and therefore seems rougher and deeper. The positive space, on the other hand, seems to have lighter value in it therefore, one may conclude that it may by softer and shallower.Texture is the tactile fictional character of visual expression. Texture can qualified as real or implied. It is created by using other elements such as value, line, and color. One type of texture which one the observer will be able to point out in The Great Masturbator is accent. Accent is a texture which places an emphasis to elements of composition that makes them attract more attention then other features that surround or are close to them. (Art Fundamentals, 134). Accent texture may be achieved by a adding a brighter color, a darker tone, or by any other means in which a difference is exposed. In other words, Salvador Dalis self portrait is an example of accent. It distinguishes itself with a brighter color then any other image on the painting. Accent texture serves as a great addition to the overall painting. First off, it makes thewhole painting very shiny and bright. In addition to that, the bright color in contrast wit the dark color, gives off a very good-tempered (light) versus rough (dark) feeling. garble is the most universally appreciated element (Art Fundamentals, 149). Color surrounds everyone. Everywhere we go, we are always in contact with color, and from time to time, we are being introduced to new colors. The Great Masturbator, f or example, is a work of art that is very rich with many different colors. This painting by Salvador Dali contains a assortment of potent and cool off colors. For example, the head which symbolizes a self portrait of Dali is jaundiced a warm color. Same thing can be said for the female, she is also painted in warm colors. However, it is hard to tell whether or not the male is painted with worm or cool colors. A part of him can be perceived as if it was painted with warm colors. Another half, on the other hand, looks as if it was painted in cool colors. The background of The Great Masturbator, however, is a mixture of warm as well as cool colors. From the horizon, and a little more to the top, the viewer is able to see the yellow, warm, color. However, from the yellow color, and more to the top, one is able to see all the dark hues, and as a result, the hue here is classified as cool. In my opinion, the overall tonality of The Great Masturbator is tranquil and undisturbed (not p aying attention to the images, only color). I am able to say that because even though it is a lighter color, the yellow is overpowering the green. co-occurrent contrast happens when two different colors come into direct contact. As a result, the contrast intensifies the difference between them. Simultaneous contrast means that when a person makes a couple of white holes in a red sweater, and then lays it down on white table, we will perceive the table color different then the white hole color, even though it is the same thing. I believe that this happens because people are not used to experimenting withcolor. We are used to perceive color for what it is, whether it is yellow, blue or red. However, when someone puts us through a test such as the one I mentioned above, we cannot believe that it is not the white that changed, but the background which was laid on to make us think that the color has changed. . local anaesthetic color is something that we see every day. Local colors brigh ten our day and make us feel good. Colors are classified into three properties Value, chromaticity, and rapture. Value can be defined as the quantity of light reflected by a color. Value can be classified as chromatic value, which distinguishes the lightness and darkness of colors. The high key colors are the colors that are above middle gray. Low key colors, on the other hand, are all the colors below the middle gray. Hue is only the real name for color. In reality, it is not the color red, the color blue it is a red hue, a blue hue and so on. Every hue exists in many other variations. Many reds have different shades many blues have different shades, and so on. Intensity, on the other hand, refers to the quality of light in a color. Intensity distinguishes the brighter colors from the duller colors. As a matter of fact, color can really loose its intensity. After its whole intensity has been lost, the color stays gray. However, there are a couple of ways to change a colors inten sity. In order to increase a colors intensity, one must place the dull color right next to its complement. In order to decrease a colors intensity, it is required to mix the color pigments. plurality very often mistaken value for intensity, however, it is not the same.Symbolic color plays a great role in painting various subject matters. Symbolic color is used by an artist to represent a mood or a feeling in a minded(p) painting. Depending on a person and their origin, colors may have many different symbolic meanings. For example, the color gold is often associated with royalty. The color red, on the other hand, may have many different symbolic meanings such as alert, blood, love etc. Through the use of symbolic color, the viewer may develop a greater understanding of a trustworthy painting. The Great Masturbator does not consist of any symbolic color that would help the viewer determine the mood or feeling of the painting. However, the colors used by Dali in painting have to be symbolic in one way or another. Just as color is needed to describe the mood or feeling of a painting, accordance and amity are essential.Unity is defined as the result of transport the elements of art into the appropriate ratio to achieve a sense of ace (Art Fundamentals, 324). union, on the other hand, is the quality of relating the visual elements of a composition (Art Fundamentals, 32). Harmony is achieved by repetition of characteristics that are the same or similar. Harmony is one of the principles of organization which helps to produce balance. in that respect are many ways that harmony can be incorporated in a work of art. repetition uses the same visual effects, such as color or shading, in order to produce one dominating visual idea. Through repetition, the viewer may start to feel a harmonious relationship with the work of art that is viewed. Rhythm, on the other hand, is achieved when many of the same shapes or images are repeated. Lastly, economy distills an imag e to the basic essentials for its clarification or presentation. In the painting of The Great Masturbator, Salvador Dali uses the technique of rhythm. In my opinion this is a rhythmic painting because of its soft flow. When taking into consideration the foreground of the painting, the whole image consists of a continuous flow. Very soft and almost musical lines connect the images together. There is no sharp breaking or snatching of lines they all have a perfectly finished ending.After my analysis of The Great Masturbator, I am able to state that this is one of the most brilliant works of art that I have ever studied. While taking the time to look at the painting, one cannot forget the great artist himself, Salvador Dali. His magnificent talents and imagination have awakened in me the need to learn more about him as well as his other works. Salvador Dali knew what to paint in order to make his art as well as his watchword well known. It fascinates me how he used his life as well as feelings to paint a painting, such as The Great Masturbator, that can be so personal, but at the same time so throw to interpretation. His brilliant use of abstraction, color, value, shape, as well as all the other techniques, take the breath of anyone who has ever looked at his artwork. I am also convinced that The Great Masturbator is one of his classic works by which he will always be remembered.

How Sunderland Prepared for the Air Raids

How S on a lower floorland Prepared for the distribute raidsChapter 1 Preparing for Invasion A courtship study of how Sunderland cultivated for the walkover busts.Helen J superstars highlights that In the 1930s experts and the open believed that in a future struggle, confrontation pipelinecraft would drop bombs that would devastate civilian populations.1 therefore suggesting that the fear of aerial gush was not only on the mind of experts but the humans as well, gum olibanum indicating they feared they could be killed from the destruction the bombs could ca subroutine. In 1939, Adolf Hitlers Luftwaffe took to the skies to terrorise the UK with the nemesis of move bombs. Hitler wanted to attack the United Kingdom in the dark of the night to mark that the Luftwaffe attacks were not visible, thus creating a surprise attack on the civilians. The North-East of England was a prime target for Hitler as Sunderland in situation produced 25% of Britains shipping tonnage dur ing the war thus foreground the consequence the North-East played in keep back the national war effort.2 Also, Sunderland had wide been hailed as the largest shipbuilding town in the world thus play up the significant social occasion Wearside played during the outbreak of Second homo war. 3Britain in particular on a national scale wanted to view that there was a defensive strategy in orient to nurture its nation from European attacks to prevent such(prenominal) an incident occurring like that of The expectant War and the Zeppelin attacks, Calder indicates that Britain during the First field War had been marauded by zeppelins, major(ip) damage had been ca subprogramd across the field and many community did not develop safeguard out-of-pocket to shelters not creation prepared for the invasion.4 As Travis L. Crosby indicates in 1924, the commissioning of Imperial defensive measure (CID) created a sub-committee to review civil defence polity all tolduding to th e fact that the Government wanted a re-assessment and development of the current polity in purchase order to strengthen the civil defence in case of the outbreak of another war.5 Britains approach to providing pass around raid protection was truly low refer, not until the late 1930s the propagate Raid certificate (ARP) committee as Joseph S. Meisel asserts embraced a wide range of measures to protect two the civilian population and the infrastructure.6A National religious service booklet which was distributed to local anesthetic governments nationwide indicated that there is a need for both men and women to amountt their local business line Raid Precaution service.7 To entice spate to join the war effort the tribe of Sunderland and in other ambits were offered remedy provision and if personnel had to relocate callable to war demands then muckle were fit to transfer from one local authority to another. Wearside needful protection from the German air threat so de vised plans to train and ensure they had enough Air Raid Wardens (ARW) for the inhabitants of Sunderland and surrounding areas. The ARP wanted to bemuse 5 to 6 wardens for either 400-500 inhabitants who have a thorough knowledge of their area. The Sunderland Borough Council ARP Committee highlight that one major responsibility of an ARW is to keep in touch and lease with inhabitants inside their sector. 8 In 1937, British experts estimated that there was going to be a new-made war enemy, indicating that Hitler was going to try and recreate the carnage ca utilize during the First World War by attacking Britain a catch by air. 9In order to ensure that both inhabitant of Sunderland had a chance to contribute towards the war effort and protection of their locality numerous jobs were made avail fit for them such as Rescue and Demolition Parties, First Aid Parties, Ambulance Drivers and Attendants just to fix a few. 10 Allowing the concourse of Sunderland to be involved with the war effort ensured sanely that public morale was on a high, thus bring out that the residents of Sunderland had a sense of purpose. Due to the ever growing threat of bombings being inwrought the ARP had to quickly mobilize ensuring that there was enough shelters and protection in train for the civilians of Britain. By September 28th 1939, there was 3,329 men and 740 women were involved with the Sunderland ARP highlighting that the people of Wearside wanted to volunteer and help with the protection of their community when they enumerate under the attack of the German air raids.11However, initial enlisting to local ARPs was difficult, many people thought that it was a waste of money and bringing up was not worthwhile which caused upset amongst the locals.12 In 1932, only 500 people had volunteered to be members of the ARP. It was not until 1937 where there was a dramatic join on in locals joining the Wearside ARP, one may suggest that it was the ever growing media reportage of th e political rise of Hitler and his plans to invade Poland which caused a spark in recruitment to the ARP. Considering that the Sunderland ARP had 740 women by 1939, highlights that women were a nominate asset in the ARP program in Sunderland, thus indicating that even though women in the 1930s faced animadversion and prejudice the women of Sunderland were qualified to get involved and play a key role in the Wearside war effort. 13 It is report that men felt that women should not be involved with the A.R.P as they felt they lacked ability to tackle fires.14 Thus suggesting that the women of Sunderland proved to their male counterparts that they could be successfully involved with the local A.R.P programme.The County Borough of Sunderland Council clear indicated that they had to ensure that ARP provisions were in place in order to gain trust from the Wearside community. On the 20th of October 1938, the council ensured that school rooms across the borough would be used to conduct A RP concussions and to consult to the locals who had any issues or questions.15 A key issue which was discussed was the locations of the communal air raid shelters. With many people in Sunderland being situated in the working class bailiwick, not all had the available funds to purchase and design suitable shelters. Craig Armstrong indicates that local law of nature and fire service were to locate premises that could be converted into use shelters, the council needed to find areas which had a large surface area so they could protect plenty of its residents, this situation was the same for the parking brake services in Sunderland.16 Roker Park, was one location used to protect civilians from the air attacks, being able to house just about 1,000 people, thus the council committee made the building of this shelter priority as it was one of the largest to construct. 17The people of Sunderland were gaining a trust in their local council. They were seeing signs that provisions were bei ng taken from such an archaeozoic stage during the Second World War. With many of the inhabitants of Sunderland having somewhere to go in the event of an air raid, indicates that the local politics wanted to ensure that the people of Sunderland were safe. unrivalled may suggest that the inhabitants of Sunderland had a new found authority within their local authority as they were protecting and showing bring off towards their community. Again as Armstrong suggests the local authority was duty-bound to offer bighearted shelter to those who could not provide it for themselves, due to the introduction of the Civil Defence Act of 1939, all local communities had to ensure that there was enough free shelters for those unable to afford protection.18 The government wanted to ensure that Britain was protected and offered support to all local authorities who required it, thus being able to pay nine-tenths of the costs which would alleviate the pressure for local councils to locate reenf orcement and provide adequate protection.19For those within Sunderland who had a disposable income there was an option to build your own bomb shelter that would only cost 5, which is not a bad investment for their safety. Average wages during 1930s were around 75.s (shillings a week) which is equivalent to around ccc.s a month, which equates to 36 a month.20 One may suggest that the poorer population within the community may have struggled to save 14% of the monthly plate income to purchase air raid protection. The local authority built public shelters so people had protection if they could not afford it. Local authorities ensured that there was plenty of randomness pass alongn to their communities. The Sunderland ARP issued a step by step guide on how to build the best air raid shelter, which was approved by the main office responsibility.21 This guide highlighted the best materials and locations to build a shelter. Inhabitants of Sunderland had a lot to construe with the c ookerys they need to do for the war, with having to ensure they had ample protection from the bombs, ensuring that topographic points were blacked-out to limit targeting from the German Luftwaffe, rationing and aliment shortages, thus resulting in people facing a lot of pressure from local authorities to ensure that the community as a whole can cope during, what would be known as the Second World War. Helen Jones suggests, most people did not go to public shelters, or even ones in their own homes some took cover in a cupboard or under their stairs thus highlighting that civilians found shelter where ever they could when they heard the sound of the air raid sirens.22 Women, in particular were urged by the media to ensure that places such as cupboards and under the stairs had supplies and provisions in case they could not make it to their outdoorsy or public shelter.The County Borough of Sunderland Council conducted meetings throughout 1939 ensuring that final provisions were in pl ace to ensure that Wearside was sufficiently protected in the event of an air raid. From a meeting conducted in February 1939, the Sunderland Council discussed the provision of steel shelters which was top of the meeting agenda, thus highlighting that the local government wanted to ensure that most people in Wearside had access to shelters which were reinforced with steel which would offer added protection.23 Every meeting which was conducted the council were continually opening and closing cases regarding air raid protection. Many of the meetings ensured that requirement supplies were discussed and constant records were recorded to ensure that the local council could keep track of supplies. The air raid wardens in Wearside had access to 2,000 whistles which were growing in egress as the council wanted to ensure that they had enough in case any got damaged during air attacks. 24 Also 2,300 foremost aid kits were supplied by the government to ensure that public shelters had acces s to medical supplies if they were needed. As well as first aid parties and ambulance drivers they were also supplied with first aid kits to ensure that they could provide emergency first aid if required during and after the destructive air attacks.25 Whilst preparing for the feasible German air invasion, there was an ever growing supply of equipment needed to support the ARP, such as blankets, whistles, first aid kits and clothing. With limited stock space available, due to the local government utilising large storage spaces converting them into public air raid shelters. To resolve the storage problem, the County Borough of Sunderland suggested that local primary and lowly schools in and around the Wearside area should be used to secure equipment in connection with the ARP.26Schools were not just institutions used for additional storage of ARP equipment, they were a priority for the Sunderland Council for building air raid shelters. The aim of the local authorities was to ensure that teachers and children had protection in case the air raids occurred during school hours. A total of 300 was spent on air raid shelters in schools which could house around 50 school children schools of particular interest were St Anthonys Girls Catholic school and St Marys Grammar school which educated a majority of the children in Wearside.27 These plans were discussed in August which made it a committee priority as they in brief suspected that the air raids would start shortly, it was not until 1st of September 1939 when children throughout England would be evacuated. Final preparations were taking place in Sunderland during August where 300 air raid warning sirens were erected and carrying blackout exercises during the weekend which would result in practice drills which would simulate actual conditions which the people would face during an actual air raid.28Wearside Women during World War TwoWomen played a pivotal role in aiding the preparations for German air raids. Due to the importance of the shipyards and their role in supplying materials for the war effort the people of Sunderland lived under the constant threat of being under attack of German bombing. 29 With the majority of men being conscripted to join the war, women were expected to replace the jobs which men had vacated. As Penny Summerfield indicates the not bad(p) bulk of wartime domestic work was thrown back to the private sphere of a womans own resources, thus suggesting working women had to fit their domestic duties in with that of their working life.30 The Wearside shipyards became an area which women were employed in order to keep the yards running at maximum capacity, women were called in to help. As discussed earlier in the chapter, the shipyards were vital to the war effort, so in order to meet the needs of war, women were the only people on the home front who continue production.Working civilians in Sunderland had to prepare for the securelyships of war and that of the shipyards being under threat and targeted by German bombers. esprit de corps was not at a high when women went to work, they were slower to recover from the infract of the news than men thus highlighting that the constant media reporting of contingent German invasion affected the work ethic of female workers. 31 In the wake of these attacks, attempts were made by those in authority to revive the morale of those living under the constant threat of death. In order to increase morale the people of Sunderland welcomed a visit from King George VI where he visited munitions factories and the shipyards which were a key assets towards the war effort. The Sunderland Echo and Shipping Gazette reported that the King showed gratitude towards the hard work and loyalty of the people of Sunderland highlighting that the majestic visit attempted to restore morale, by praising the people of Sunderland and ensuring that their hard work was recognised.32Women of Sunderland were support by the local media to ensure that their homes were well fit in case of an air raid. The Chronicle reported that Home Office advice is to continue and intensify our air raid precautions and it is therefore up to every single woman to making some corner of their home into institution.33 This suggests that women had a key role in ensuring that every home within Wearside was protected. Women were encouraged to have a refuge room in their home to use in the event of an emergency. The Chronicle listed resources which could be used to protect the home collect thick curtains, blankets, carpets and thick sheets in order to cover windows and doors to shutdown any light being visible during the blackouts.34 Items such as matches and candles were inbred in case electricity or gas supply fails. Women were certain to get together the listed items such as scissors, old newspapers, candles and matches in a box or drawer in the refuge room so that they have everything they need in the event of an emergency.35With w omen being the forefront of the household during the lead up to the Second World War, they faced disruption to their lives due to state intervention which introduced measures such as rationing. With naval fleets being used in the preparations for the war, the state limited the amount of food imports into the country. Wearside women had were urged to ensure that their homes were fit in emergency situations, had to work in shipyards on top if having to perplexity about feeding themselves and family on basic rations. Food such as eggs, bacon, butter and meat were in very short supply, which were replaced by dehydrated or tinned substitutes such as dried egg powder, recovered beef and even whale. 36 Kennils highlights that the local government would try all they could to give people good food, but due to shortages substitutes had to be found, in this representative whale meat was provided. With rations, the people of Sunderland had to cope with having basic food supply in their kitc hen cupboards, one may suggest that morale was effected due to this. With the reduction of luxury foods and not gaining the correct nutrients in a equilibrize diet would cause people to get restless. It was not just food that was rationed. Coal rich areas such as Sunderland, even had one of its major exports on ration. Coal was needed for fuel during the war effort, so people within Sunderland were limited to what they could use to fuel their homes.To conclude, this chapter has outlined the state preparation and measures put in place in order to protect the country from the German air raids. The County Borough of Sunderland Council ensured that they recruited heavily to the ARP which would aid in the protection of Wearside civilians. This chapter has explored the varied shelters and locations of public shelters which were made available for citizens of Sunderland. Finally, this chapter has explored the significant role that women played during the preparations stellar(a) to the o utbreak of the Second World War. Women had to ensure that their homes were a safe refuge for their family, whilst having to work in shipyards which were vacated due to men being conscripted to war. This chapter has set the context of how Sunderland prepared for the war. Chapter two will discuss the impact that the bombings had on the area of Sunderland and how morale was affected.1 Helen Jones, British Civilians in the Front Line Air Raids, productivity and Wartime Culture 1939-1945 (Manchester University Press, 2006), p.58.2 Winifred Haley, Evacuated from Sunderland Shipyards to Coxhoe, County Durham, (BBC WW2 Peoples War Archive), http//www.bbc.co.uk/ score/ww2peopleswar/stories/36/a3781136.shtml. Date Accessed 03/11/163 Gillian Cookson, Sunderland Building a City (London Philimore, 2010), p. 147.4 Angus Calder, The Peoples War Britain 1939-1945 (London Trinity Press, 1969), p.21.5 Travis Crosby, The Impact of Civilian elimination in the Second World War (London Croom Helm, 198 6), p.13.6 Joseph S. Meisel,Air Raid Shelter insurance policy and its Critics in Britain before the Second World War, Twentieth Century British History, vol. 5 issue 03, 1994, pp. 300-319, p.300.7 Tyne and Wear Archive Service DX967/7, National Service Booklet, 1939, p.13.8 ibid9 Calder, The Peoples War, p.21.10 TWAS, DX967/7, p.13.11 TWAS, 209/111, Air Raid Precautions Council Minutes, 28th September 1938.12 Jones, British Civilians in the Frontline, p.60-61.13 ibidem p.61.14 Harold L. Smith, Britain in the Second World War A Social History (Manchester Manchester University Press, 1996), p.64-65.15 TWAS, 209/106, County Borough of Sunderland ARP Precautions.16 Craig Armstrong, Tyneside in the Second World War (West Sussex Phillimore Co Ltd, 2007), p.42.17 TWAS, 209/106, County Borough of Sunderland ARP Precautions18 Armstrong, Tyneside in the Second World War, p.42.19 Jones, British Civilians in the Frontline, p.60.20 Margaret H. Schoenfeld and Anice L. Whitney, Wartime Methods of Dealing with Labour in Great Britain and the Dominions, fairness and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Summer, 1942), p. 530.21 TWAS, DX 967/7, Your Home as An Air Raid Shelter, Ministry of Home Security, Home Office London,1939.22 Jones, British Civilians, p.158.23 TWAS, 209/111, Air Raid Precautions.24 TWAS, 209/111, Air Raid Precautions Council Minutes, 28th July 1939.25 Ibid.26 Ibid.27 TWAS, 209/111, Air Raid Precautions Council Minutes, seventeenth August 1939.28 Ibid.29 Sunderlands Shipyards during WW2, BBC Legacies.30 Penny Summerfield, Women Workers in The Second World War Production and Patriarchy in Conflict (London Routledge, 1989), p.186.31 Dorothy Sheridan, (ed), Wartime Women A Mass- Observation Anthology (London Heinemann, 1990), p.112.32 magnificent Visit to Wearside, Sunderland Echo and Shipping Gazette, 22 February 1939.33 Women Collect These, News Chronicle, 28August 1939.34 Ibid.35 Ibid.36 K. Kennils, A War Baby In Sunderland, (BBC WW2 Peoples War Archiv e), http//www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/49/a2038349.shtml. Date Accessed 03/11/16

Motivational Factors of the Public Sector

demandal genes of the Public SectorThe idea that coin dos mass to work is a much disputed subject with m any(prenominal) differing theories. It is an lordly reality that companies indwelling hit a firm aw atomic number 18ness of how to actuate their employees in raise to encourage the relieveance of organisational goals (Kleinbeck et al. 1990).The range of nullifyory distrust shuffles it sticky for companies to decide upon integrity efficacious way of motivating employees. Mullins (2007) delineates how on that point argon two methods of want extraneous and intrinsic. M championy is an extrinsic aid as it is a tangible reward, whereas inducings such as recognition and action ar intrinsic and put up intangible psychological rewards (Mullins,2007). Theories on want ofttimes accent on either intrinsic or extrinsic motivation and do not speculate on the comprise of a mix of these motivational methods. Taylors (2003) rational economic c one timept of m otivation is found upon the principle that staff atomic number 18 mostly cod by bullion due to their economic inevitably. In contrast, Kusin (2005, p.76) argues that work is ab aside letting battalion chouse they are consequential and recognition, gutter some(prenominal)(prenominal)times be much essential than specie. This argument is supported by theorists such as Maslow, Alderfer and Herzberg. galore(postnominal) theories discuss whether or not employees are ca handling by bills but thither is no extensive regarding the goal to which silver motivates employees and the differing motivational impact it has on people work in different spheres.It would hence be undecomposed to hit a query project into the extent to which property motivates employees and if this differs amidst sectors. This enquiry could cooperate organisations to follow a staple fiber prototype which would suit their sector, sites and objectives. Conducting interrogation into human s sector employees such as nurses and teachers volition eitherow me to see if motivational factors are different to those employees on the job(p) at bottom a purely profit driven organisation. It is heavy to conduct the explore on the identified subject (employees) by means of the correct average in gear up to achieve accurate upshots.Stockport Removals and Storage Limited is a small/medium surfaced political party operating inwardly the northeastern West. They have agreed to come in in spite of appearance the research project providing research on employees working in spite of appearance a profit making, occult caller-out. The company has been operating for 20 years and has a number of long component employees as well as recently recruited staff. This bequeathing c substitute research to be conducted across a range of employee contract types in edict to see the variety of factors which motivate employees. Stockport Removals offer hire in filiation with co mpetitors at bottom the area as well as providing overtime and bonus schemes.The midwifery department in Stepping Hill Hospital NHS have in like manner offered to feature part in the study in sight to offer an insight into motivational factors within a public sector company. pay within the public sector is a much discussed subject within the media. The NHS have recently do plans to catch up with 35,000 (employees) redundant unless staff accept a pay deal that volition see them lose up to several thousand pounds a year (Observer, 2010). This makes NHS workers a particularly efficient source of research as pay and motivation resulting be at the forefront of operations at such a time. Comparisons in research surrounded by public and private sector organisational motivation will help to see if remuneration motivates every employee to the same extent careless(predicate) of patronage type of sector of the organisation.Literature ReviewReviewing on-line(prenominal) books t hat is available on motivational ideas, can help to gain mount culture on the subject and acquire a come along soul of the studies and theories already published. This will lay down the research gaps in up-to-date info on motivation and remuneration. thither are arguments for and against the idea that employee motivation is heighten through remuneration.Taylor discussed the surmise of motivation within his Scientific worry model. within this model, the term maximum successfulness is key when concord his suggested link between motivation and money. Taylor (1998) argues that the interest of both the company and the employee are maximum prosperity and in localise to micturate wealth for the company, a worker essential be given what he most wants exalted wages. When a commerce provides maximum prosperity for employees, the employee will not only do propel through remuneration, but the process will result in the culture of each man to his state of maximum efficienc y which will in turn create an affluent firm. (Taylor 1998, p.1.)Lawler (1971, p128.) supports Taylors theory as he believes that individualist incentive plans typically lead to substantial increases in productivity. Although it could be argued that roughly research shows that job carrying into action can be improved through remuneration, the significance of motivation cannot be assumed. (Kelly, 1982).A chief(prenominal) drawback for money being the sole motivator is that the scientific management theory had an overly stir view of motivation (Taylor 2003, p.5.) only foc employ on one persuasion of motivation the tangible benefits given to employees. It also does not take into look early(a) intrinsic factors that could be improving motivation within any studies.Despite Taylors argument, thither is much writings that accounts the findings that money is not a motivator. It is clear that employers benefit from a move work force, and it is wherefore important to provide th e correct methods of motivation to employees. Saunders (2003, p.75.) argues that the benefits that people want depend on their individual circumstances. Management Today have reviewed that it is time for companies to circum to the realisation that money is no time-consuming an potent way of motivating a hands (Management Today, 2003). People are now make by less well defined demand than money, such as psychological work factors. Saunders explains how once basic money unavoidably are satisfied, they act as minor motivation for the majority of a work force. Employees gain more atonement and motivation from intrinsic benefits such as job gratification, enjoyment and sentiment part of a social group. These factors are not only beneficial to employees, but are welcomed by companies as they are cheap in parity to economic incentives. Saunders also believes that managers would be better off drop time in employees in order to get the bases of the psychological benefits in place rather than investing in monetary rewards (Saunders, 2003).The Chartered Management Institute conducted The Business Energy Survey2005 in which they examined motivation levels within organisations, and what factors are most influential in motivating staff. Their key findings were that headmaster and individual teaching are much higher level motivators than money and financial rewards to employees. The most highly ranked motivation factor was a sense of purpose in work in contrast to one of the lowest ranking factors being performance related rewards and incentives. Cook and capital of Mississippi (2005) conclude that intrinsic rewards such as challenge and sense of acquirement outweigh factors such as remuneration and financial rewards when trying to motivate employees.Many elements of these arguments are also entangled in theorist models.Models of wantThere are many concepts surrounding motivation in the workplace. Motivation theories and models such as Herzbergs Two Factor The ory and Maslows Hierarchy of necessarily give a greater insight into the factors which encourage motivation. Maslow turned upkeep away from economic benefits and to the human nature and the psychological side of motivation. agree to Maslow human motivation is a complex matter governed as it is by a hierarchy of needs(Bennaars 1993, p.81).A further insight into motivation is unornamented in Maslows Hierarchy of need model. Maslows model has been a widely utilize paradigm in backing comeprise (Maslow 1987, p.12). Maslow use a framework in which needs are arranged in tiers, in order of grandeur often documented as a pyramid of needs. Basic needs were described as physiological needs. Leavitt (1988, p.20) describes these physiological needs as the the first point for motivation. When relating to Maslows int finish use for the motivation theory human psychology, they are needs such as hunger, thirst, shelter and a need for oxygen. In theory, laws will protect employees from the miss of these and tell that in the workplace, physiological needs are satisfied through legislation such as health and Safety at Work Act (1974). If these basic needs are not satisfied thus far, thusly more advanced needs would become ir germane(predicate) as desire for psychological needs would dominate.The beside stage within the motivation pyramid is safety needs which are pertain with safety, job security system, and the need for order. It is evident that people prefer a safe, orderly, predictable, form world (Steers and Porter 1991, p.201) which can be related to the workplace. Once this has been satisfied, the next motivator is love needs. These needs are associated to social interaction and can be satisfied through cohesive work groups, friendly supervision, and master associations.The next need to be satisfied after love would be esteem. People within our society have a desire for a stable, firmly based, high evaluation of themselves for self respect (Maslow 1964, p.183). Steers and Porter (1991) describe how when relating esteem needs to organisational factors, they would translate as achieving social recognition, having a snitching job title and working within a high office job.The final stage of the model is self actualisation. This is concerned with the self development and realisation of ones potential. The rewards of this would be growth, progression and creativeness through a demanding job and achievement within an organisation. Leavitt (1988, p.28.) described this as achieving the desire to become everything that one is capable of becoming.Once a abase need is satisfied, it no longer acts a motivator and on that pointfore employees will strive to be motivated by the next level (Mullins, 2007). Management Todays Andrew Saunders is an advocate for the Maslow Theory and cl rents that his theory remains watertight despite the model being over 60 years old (Saunders 2003, p.75 ).A clear drawback for relating Maslows Hierarchy of Needs to motivation in the workplace is that his research and theories were not originally intended for use within a corporate environment. We in that locationfore rely on assumptions of interpretations of his model. later on further research, Wahba and Bridgewell (1976, pp.212-140) found no clear evidence for Maslows proposition tho with regard to self-actualization.Herzbergs Two Factor Theory is based upon the idea that there are two aspects which have an influence upon motivation hygiene factors and motivator factors. Hygiene factors must be in place in organisational environments for the preserveion of dissatisfaction(Herzberg 1993, p.16). These factors include environmental motivators such as salary, working conditions, job security and inter ain affinitys. Herzberg goes onto describe how the second factor, motivator factors, are the aspects that motivate employees. These factors include psychological rewards such as a sense of achievement, recognition, responsibility a nd person-to-person growth. It is argued that companies emphasis should be on the streng then(prenominal)ing of motivators hygiene is not nice (Herzberg 1993, p.132). In effect, this raises the issue that remuneration is in fact an element that could dissatisfy employees if it is not present, and that money rewards and payment is not enough to motivate employees alone.Critics of Herzbergs model claim that the theory only applies to unskilled, repetitive jobs and the methodology of collecting results and interlingual rendition the info, resulted in bias findings (Mullins, 2007). Despite the criticisms of the theory has had a considerable effect on the rewards and remuneration packages offered by corporations (Crainer and Dearlove 2001. p. 361)Similarities can be drawn from reviewing Herzberg and Maslows models of motivation. incomplete model uses remuneration as a high level motivator. Herzberg argues that salary is a hygiene factor and will de-motivate employees if it is not present. Pay therefore does have a correlation between motivation and job satisfaction but is not a key element in achieving high levels of employee motivation as growth factors are more influential. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs also has remuneration as a basic need in which pay is necessary in order to prevent dissatisfaction and motivates at lower levels in the short term but is not a high level motivator once satisfied.There is a distinct lack of academic sources, information and research relating to motivation within public sector work forces. It is important to consider that managing people continues to be essential to performance in public organisations. It is argued that in the public sector, there is a scrap between employees fulfilling organisational goals, and employees fulfilling their right to self-expression. This possibly decreases motivation in the workplace (Kearney and Berman 1999, p.2). My research would be beneficial in order to see if public sector workers have se parate motivational factors to private sector workers.To summarise, is it clear that money is an ambiguous subject in the discussion of motivation. It is considered within many theories, however it can be argued that to what extent and how important it is depends upon employees personal circumstances and the other satisfactions they get from work. (Mullins 2007, p255). The main problems with the current literature are that they often focus solely on one area of motivation extrinsic motivation or intrinsic motivation. Theories also contradict each other and make it difficult to derive a definitive answer as to when/if/how money motivates and to what extent. Further research is necessary in order to discover if money is an influential motivational factor in all sectors within the workplace. look DesignIn order to solve the research problem effectively and gain the correct information for analysis it is important to read between a quantitative research method and qualitative. quali tative research is utilize to investigate attitudes, beliefs and experiences whereas quantitative research will generate statistics and numerical information (Dawson, 2006). As this research proposal wishes to explore to what extent employees are motivated by money, a qualitative approach would nonplus the most effective selective information.It is proposed to conduct two case studies on employees within a private business (Stockport Removals) and employees working within the public sector (NHS staff). Interviews will be utilize as the method of gathering data on to the extent which remuneration effects employee motivation in the public and private sector. 10 employees from each organisation will take part in the research. This embodiment has been taken as resources do not allow the entire business world to be wondered although multiple oppugns need to take place to hold in reliability of results.I will use a semi organize converse technique as I wish to gain ad hoc infor mation and ask certain questions to every interrogateee whilst allowing room for elaboration on certain topics. This will allow me to gain a more in depth insight into the employees views and discerp data effectively. I can then evaluate responses of employees working in the public sector in comparison to employees working with the private employees to draw conclusions. This style has been chosen as an ambiguous question would collect lots of ir applicable data which would then make data analysis difficult to conduct. A structured converse would elevate quantitative data which is not relevant to the research problem as motivation is such a personal, emotive subject. Asking open ended questions will help to gain an insight into employees feelings and beliefs and therefore quantitative data methods would not be functional.Appendix 1 shows the call into question structure to be used. These questions are mainly open ended and allow for the interviewee to give a more in depth and personal account of motivation. The initial question allows the researcher to establish if the candidate is motivated in their current working position. This is essential as if they are not motivated in their work, then they will not be able to give full news report as to what motivates them in their current role. The second question explores the factors that motivate the employee asunder from motivation. This question aims to see if members of the organisations are motivated by intrinsic factors when disregardless payment schemes. This is important in order to establish the main aim of to what extent motivation is related to remuneration. straits four and five on the interview schedule (Appendix 1) help to evaluate the current motivational theories and models already published (Maslow and Herzberg) and see if the interviewees feel that the areas and factors within them are relevant to their personal motivation. This whitethorn also help issues arise that are not cover within the models in the literature.Further questions include topics on intrinsic motivation. It is important to establish to what extent interviewees are motivated by intrinsic factors in order to compare with the extrinsic factor of motivation. If candidates are more motivated by intrinsic factors such as praise and recognition then they may be less motivated by financial payments. Question eight asks whether the company values motivate the employee. This is an essential question in order to establish the difference between motivational factors in the public sector and the private sector.The final questions help to establish whether motivation changes with the length of services as some literature states that members may initially enter a career for remuneration factors but are motivated by different intrinsic factors once established in the role.Appendix 1s interview questions help to establish the extent to which motivation is influenced by remuneration, and evaluate the current strategi es that are used for motivation (eg Maslow and Herzberg) for effectiveness. This will help to see if there are any other main factors in aiding motivation.To ensure that the interviews are consistent and structure, I will develop an interview schedule elaborate the topics and questions to be covered (Appendix 1). This will ensure that I have no leading questions and will prevent interviewees from digressing from the topic area. It will help to add focus to the interviewer. Questions will be asked such as what makes you feel motivated at work using elements of theories to explain points and gain an insight into whether employees are motivated by extrinsic or intrinsic factors.A show recorder will be used in order to collect the data whilst enabling eye contact and positive body talking to to be obligateed with the interviewee. It is important that the method of recording does not convert the sonorousness I build with the interviewee as some methods can make the subject feel unc omfortable. Recording the interview will make data analysis easier as the interaction between researcher and interviewee can be recorded and analysed at a later date. (Dawson, 2006). I will however, have to ensure that equipment is operational as relying on technology can often result in mishaps. Interviewees may also become nervous of the enter recorder thus producing an emotional barrier. In order to overcome any potential problems with the methods of recording data I may take some notes of important topics and points drawn through research throughout the interview. This will produce a backup in case there are expert difficulties and data is omitted. Ensuring eye contact is kept with the interviewee is essential to keep them enmeshed and to prevent an interpersonal barrier.In order to conduct interviews, research candidates must be chosen. Sampling is required as it is unrealistic and impractical to interview all members of staff within the organisations that have agreed to par ticipate in the study. The prototype chosen needs to be large enough to create reliable results using the resources available and give a representation of all members of staff at that specific level in the hierarchy. In order to make a render from the business population I will use a probability try out method called stratified sampling. This will involve dividing the population (of the organisations) into groups based upon characteristics. The key characteristics of the employees I wish to interview are they must be working on a standing(prenominal) basis, at a non managerial level, working for remuneration. The advantage of stratified sampling is that it will ensure that results are representative of the people within the wholly of the criteria population.Despite stratified sampling being used, resources do not allow us to interview all of the people that fit the sample criteria, as this would be 20 people within the private sector business and 32 within the public sector org anisation. This uneven sample size would result in inaccurate data being retrieved. Sample sizes should be the same in order to make truthful comparisons. Simple ergodic sampling could then be used in order to speciate down the interviewees further. This method means that each member of the current population has an equal chance of being chosen (Bryman and Bell, 2007). This can be used as employees within the remaining population already fit the characteristic required of the research project.All employees within the sample will be on the same level of the hierarchy and managers will not be included in the study in order to ensure that there is elfin sample error as peoples motivation may change as they are promoted up the hierarchy.Rapport is a type of relationship in which trust and mutual respect is built. During data show it is argued that grammatical construction a rapport is essential in order to encourage the interviewee to participate in the interview and feel relaxed t o give quality answers (Bryman and Bell, 2007). Through conducting research, Toma (2000) found that rapport helped to give interview candidates more of an intelligence of the question and deepen the relevance and quality of answers. I will try to build rapport by delivering questions and avoiding the use of jargon so the research subject does not feel uneasy or intimidated by language used. I will also maintain eye contact and ensure that candidates know that the questions are for research purposes and will not affect their employment positions or be forwarded to managers or senior members of staff. Anthropologist Roslie Wax (1971) as cited in marshall and Rossman (2011) spotlighted the importance of establishing a relationship with the research study subjects and used methods to demonstrate flexibility and trust between researcher and interviewee. It is, however, possible to have also much rapport as well as too little (Seidman, 1998) in order to achieve accurate non bias resu lts therefore I will try to strike a balance between these roles.selective information AnalysisOnce data is collected, to effectively identify the extent to which remuneration has an impact on employee motivation and evaluate if current motivational strategies in literature are contributory factors to motivation in the workplace, the findings from data exhibition and research will be collapsed. Based on this analysis, conclusions can be made as to whether money is a motivator and recommendations can be made as to how to motivate employees to improve productivity and job satisfaction.It is important to have a planned strategy in place to analyze findings as leaving all the data collected to the end will make analysis more difficult as it can be over facing and the researcher may loose track of the themes and findings within each interview. Maxwell (2005) argues that an effective qualitative researcher will animate data analysis after each interview. During this research process da ta analysis will be an ongoing method throughout both the data collection process and as a final gathering at the end of data collection. Analysis will not be left purely to content analysis after collection.In order to continually analyze the data collected, interview summary forms will be used for data analysis at the end of each interview (Appendix 2). Appendix 2, is based upon the model of Dawson (2006, p113). These forms help researchers gain a firmer understanding of the responses and aid knowledge when trying to draw on final conclusions. Heinrich (1984) used a interchangeable method when conducting his research project on biologic data. He analysed data on the same day as collection and believed that this helped to track progress and built up the data analysis through the collection. Analysis on interview summary forms from early interviews may result in topics and issues arising that were not foreseen. This will then allow the researcher to analyse this information and i nclude it in the next subsequent interviews in order to receive the most in depth and relevant information possible.Qualitative data analysis is an individual process and different researchers may derive different conclusions from the same information (Dawson 2005, p.111).In order to ensure relevant information is analysed, content analysis will be used at the end of the data collection process. This will help to reflect on the interview summary forms and use the data collected in order to make sense of the information.In order to analyse the data, coding will be used. Coding is analysis through segmenting and reassembling of the data, aiming to transform the data into conclusions and understanding (Boeije 2009, p.94.). The initial stage in content analysis is gaining understanding of the support created (interview summary forms) and data collected. All documentation will be reread and the tape recorded interviews will be listened to in order to reprise on the research conducted a nd gain a firm perceptive of the research data.The question, research problem and objectives should be reread in order to maintain focus on answering the research proposal and drawing relevant information. Through listening to the tape recordings and reading the documentation, notes can be made to draw out frequently occuring topics. This is the segmentation of the data (a concept within open coding) by looking for themes that derive from the interviews.I will highlight important topics and be aware of the frequency of words, phrases or incidents that the candidates discuss. The topics that are reveal can then be used in comparison with current motivational theories such as Maslows Hierarchy of Needs and Herzbergs Two Factor Theory in order to see if our research shows a similar link between remuneration and motivation findings. The research findings may contradict or support a particular theory within literature and the research hopes to draw conclusions to clarify effective motiv ational factors. This is being conducted in order to overcome the conflicting literature.It is also important to check that the sample has achieved sufficient relevant research responses. If analysis doesnt uncover relevant responses to the aim of the research proposal then further sampling and research may need to be carried out. Uncovering themes or codes can then help to draw upon findings and aid in the effective analysis of data.Anticipated ProblemsThere are problems and risks that can be anticipated when conducting research with people and within companies. Firstly, the research method must be correct. As we are using a semi structured interview, the disadvantages of this method need to be highlighted. The main disadvantage of this interview technique is the time that it takes to conduct and the data analysis. entropy analysis can be difficult due to the extent of the responses within each interview question. Relevant information must be sifted out ensuring that no interviewe r bias is added.This could also cause problems with the organisation as the hazard costs of the time it takes to interview employees must be taken into account. Whilst employees are conducting the research interview, they are not carrying out their employment tasks and responsibilities which could cause skirmish between the employee, employer and the researcher. Displeasing the employer could have detrimental effects on the interview process as this could result in bias information or termination of the research project all together. This should be avoided by ensuring the employers are made fully aware of the intensions of the interview and that the interviews will be conducted as time efficiently as possible.A further concern would be that the organisations could influence employees answers by briefing them to ensure they do not reveal certain information about the company. This would also bias results and not apprehend employees in a comfortable position to open up. This will b e avoided by choosing employees at random and ensuring that organisations are aware that the information found will not be publicized in order to examine the brand or image of the business.The drawback of researching with private sector employees from one company and public sector employees from one organisation is that they may not be representative of the entire population of workers within each sector. If this surfaced as a problem, then one could increase the sample size to research further into different sizes and types of public and private sector businesses.The sample size needs to be large enough to get enough relevant data as the larger the sample, the more accurate the data is of the population. However, it is unrealistic to choose the whole population of private and public sector workers as there would be too much information which would then be difficult to code and analyse. The sample size needs to be manageable to prevent information over load and ensure that the topi c is at the tinder of the data found. This problem had been overcome by using a sample size of 10 employees within each organisation being researched.During the interview process, there will be a conscious effort to ensure that no barriers will impact on the reliability and validity of the findings. sensual barriers will be avoided by allowing the interviewee to have the interview conducted where they feel most comfortable. Psychological barriers will be avoided by ensuring that interviewees are not overladen with information and jargon isnt used for they feel relaxed. Avoiding these barriers will aid effective communication and ensure that rapport is built between researcher and interview candidate. This rapport will help interviewees to open up and give detail and accurate information on the personal topic of motivation.Ethical ConsiderationsWhen conducting research with the public, ethical issues can often arise. There are many factors to take into account in order to ensure n o harm is done to the organisation, the participants are employed by the organisation and myself as the researcher.Firstly, the research will be conducted overtly as all participants will be inform of the purpose of the research and no form of under cover reflexion will be conducted. I will ensure that all members of the move sample give full consent to taking part and will provide a Code of Ethics in order to document how the information will be used, and how they will be protected.Privacy, confidentiality and anonymity is essential during this research proposal as it is preferred that the candidates feel at ease and open about their feelings on the subject. I believe that if participants feel that the information they

Impact of the Credit Crunch on the Workplace and Politics

Impact of the Credit cranch on the Workplace and PoliticsSocial gentleman Economy and UKGoernmentEmployers, Employees and the UnionsConclusionsBibliographyThe confidence mash in 2008 is swiftly creation followed by an imminent globose break, perhaps the worst nook for many a(prenominal) decades. Irresponsible l completeing, mis-management by the lodges, the gift freezes in indus stress and the general economic climate means that we extenddt joint no longer take for granted our business lines, homes and fiscal security. In 2009 the tide is turning from boom, very(prenominal) in wholly probability to bust in just a few months, although it was claimed by both(prenominal) analysts that the break started proper half look d hotshot 2008.The situation does non look to improve any duration soon either, as Mervyn King, the governor of the Bank of England was cited in the Daily electrify of 26th October, 2008The combination of a squeeze on authoritative bring in pay and a decline in the availability of reliance poses the venture of a sharp and prolonged slowdown in domestic demand. It this instant canvassms belike that the UK economic system is entering a recession. (Jonathan Sibun, Daily Telegraph, 2008).So we see that t bourgeonher can be a b come discover of the c sustaint of factors which provide the al-Qaida cause of a recession. The end result of a recession is not exclusively the loss of business, line of works, reduced cash flow and fasten of pecuniary belts the affectionate, economic and governingal impact this has on employers, employees and the politics. Employer and employee relationships ar as well a side effect of the environment within a recession. Does the balance of king change? Do employees become respiteive? Do managers become more than fearful and does this affect their judgement in the workplace? Many elated and productive workplaces ar suddenly not so happy when a citation squash hittings. This p aper investigates the implications of a recognition squeeze on relationships both at the workplace and in the political bena.SocialFrom a social view, the effects of the credit crunch atomic number 18 already organism evidenced. Housing repossessions ar on the increase in the UK and flock are having difficulty keeping up with their owes. Another factor is that the number of joke losses is on the increase and this is expected to continue in 2009.The social impact this has on people is very often not describe by the media. For instance, people who would normally go on holiday with their friends and regard social outings whitethorn no longer do so after losing their job. The impact of a credit crunch and recession is inevitably job losses. This affects the person being laid off not except monetaryly, but in terms of self confidence and a feeling of hopelessness for well-nigh. Some people after being make redundant may never work again, due to their age or the in studry t hey prevail worked in, which may be any(prenominal)thing they hold in been involved in all their life.The credit crunch affects relationships generally, but also marriages. Husbands try to hold off impressive their partners when they lose in that respect jobs. The feeling of failure abounds and it also becomes a concussion when it is not possible to find another job immediately. The credit crunch seems to hit men particularly hard, as pride and status digit out their parts when he has to rely solely on his wife for their important income Traditionally, the man provides and for a man to lose his job, its not just close money, its loss of status, which can be a huge knock to his confidence. Steve Miller, cited in (Becky Howard, 2008).It can cause relationship breakdowns as There is also a real danger that the woman may become angry and resentful (Becky Howard, 2008). This may be due to women become the main breadwinner and also the submit to perform duties at home, like cle aning, ironing and other household chores. The time article points out a number of ways to assist couples by dint of and through a crisis such as the credit crunch and the loss of a job.The balance of power can shift from an even situation, in a relationship to a dominant partner, when both partners ingest jobs or in the case of the sole breadwinner, it can cause even more difficulty.World Economy and UKThe economic effects are also being seen, as employers are trying to emphasise the importance of pay restraints as companies try to avoid job lossesIf employees understand the competitive pressures facing their organisation, they are more likely to understand why pay restraint in the accredited economic environment is critical. (CIPD, 2008)However, pay is only one of a number of unloosens. Mortgage repossessions are on the change magnitude by 40% in the last 12 months (Economics Help, 2008). It is claimed that this is only a gnomish residuum of the total mortgage market in t he UK however. In the US loans to sub-prime mortgage markets proved highly wondering(a), and these loans were whence embedded into the whole financial brass (Economics Help, 2008). This in turn affected the whole of the global capital markets. thereof the adult male frugality is trustworthyly in very poor shape. each country is trying to solve the crisis in their own way, but some countries in Europe are following the UK lead were VAT is concerned, in that they aim to reduce it.On a population aim, the saving has probably been in downturn since December 2007. They were predicting then that the economy would have upcoming problems and so it has been proved. For instance, this repute by World Economic Update (2008) states for the US economyThe U.S. economy is already in a recession it started in December 07 and it exit last four to six quarters. Negative developing starts in the first quarter of 2008. The former the latter may, I guess, or may not end up being true, bu t for certain its going to be unimpressive.The akin article also suggests the economy of the US exit be severe and protracted rather than mild. The US is the richest economy in the initiation, and when something happens on the case of the current credit crunch it affects the world economy.It is also stated that many emerging markets are not now affected by the US economy, and these should provide a cushion for the b oilers suit world economy, even though the banks of the emerging economies are also tightening their belts. It is stated that countries, such as Brazil, China, Russia, Peru, Poland and Hungary are all in harvest stages and not directly affected by the US as they in the first place issue with commodities. There has also been a shift away from the US in terms of the commodities markets (World Economic Update, 2008).The question we need to ask are the emerging markets enough to help stave off the imminent recession? The way that emerging markets can assist the glo bal economy is through cheap commodity hurts such as metals and agricultural products. Unfortunately however, the price of oil continues to escalate in the light of a world oil shortage.The repercussions of the current financial crisis were discussed by Andrew watt (2008) when he states that there will be a combination ofShare-price collapseBlockages with the banking systemReduced annoy to bank loans, and more than expensive bond financingresulting in a decline in corporate investment, which in turn will have knock-on effects elsewhere.Much can be gleaned from the current crisis for future generations however. Andrew Watt has identified a number of other possible factors which have a bearing on the world economy and the UK. For instance, he points out that there has been a lack of regulatory institutions required for global finance, throughout the world and in Europe. He also claims that income at the national level has go in that the poor borrow more, and speculation by the ri ch has made them wealthier. This really is a case of the poor getting poorer, and the rich getting richer. Lack of low interest pass judgment, lack of regulation in the financial sector, risk taking and tax competition including the EU have also contributed, in his opinion (Andrew Watt, 2008).From this we can assume that although the US crisis was the initial spark, that the accelerator pedal was already ready to light in the world economy and so we are all affected by the end result.The following figure from this report shows a summary of the events of the last 12 months or so, resulting in the credit crunch and imminent recessionOne affect of the economy the credit crunch has had in the UK is the reduction of house prices and the price of ethicals in the shops, which have reduced dramatically in the last few months in order to keep consumers interested thus keeping the finances satiny in the shops.The credit crunch has been blamed on a number of factors, and some unusual idea s emerge from various parts of the world, who all deal with the situation in a different manner. For instance, President Sarkozy has made calls to end inappropriate ownership (David Charter, 2008). The concern is that line industries will fall into foreign hands. The ideas are that each country should use sovereign wealth bullion to take stakes in key industriesNicolas Sarkozy risked blowing apart the European consensus over how to deal with the financial crisis by proposing today that each country shew sovereign wealth funds to take stakes in key industries to stop them falling into foreign hands. (David Charter, 2008)The theory is that non-EU countries may take usefulness of the current crisis, who are not affected by it and therefore it would change them to have an advantage in investing in shares within EU industries when they were at their cheapest. Not all the EU countries agree with this approach as stated, but even during his EU presidential year it is debat adapted i f he can win approval from his EU partners.GovernmentFrom a political perspective, some people will leave the original credit crunch was caused in the US, and this has had a knock-on effect on global economy. One interpretation of a credit crunch is rapid decline of credit that it is outstandingly large for a given stage of the business cycle (Bernanke and Lown, 1991).However, one of the key causes of the current credit crunch is said to be slaphappy lending in the US. However, it is fair to say that although the credit crunch originally emanated from the US, that irresponsible lending has also been occuring in the Uk and in Europe, but not on as large a scale.From a political perspective it is being stated that the UK government could have done more to learn banks who were lending irresponsibly, and that the credit crunch has shown that financial institutions can easily debauch systems of self-regulation. (Economics Help, 2008)A few years ago, house prices were going through the roof, and this cardhouse would eventually burst, as it inevitably did. Gordon Brown the current prime minister, did tell apart that this would happen, and as Chancellor of the Exchequer at the time thought the issue had been addressed and avoided a boom and bust scenario, but this was obviously not the case (Alex Barker, 2008).Now that Gordon Brown is the Prime Minister, some of the earlier issues have come behind to haunt him. Politically, a credit crunch and recession is always good for the opposition, as they can claim that the current government of the day is to blame for the current economic climate in this country. David Cameron, the attraction of the opposition has made this point often, and has stated that the current labour government could have done more to avoid the consequences.Gordon Brown points out that the current crisis is global and has recently instigated a number of steps to avoid the crisis adequate even more serious in 2009. Banks all over the world ha ve been in difficulty all over the world. The collapse of the Lehman Brothers bank in the US was soon followed by a crisis of one of the largest banks in the UK, Halifax Bank of Scotland (HBOS). A recent merger between Lloyds and HBOS will provide a super bank and will avoid HBOS going the same way as Lehman Brothers. The government has supported the merger.Another recent, but risky step is to plough prevalent money in the banking system, and by doing so the government hopes the banks will continue to lend to each other and at least keep the financial syste fluid. Along with this, there has been a reduction in VAT to 15% from 17.5% so that consumers will continue to kick the bucket and keep business operating. These are risky measures, and longer term it has been pointed out by David Cameron, that the UK tax payer will have to pay stake an increased deficit. Only time time will tell if Gordon Browns policies will enable a swifter recovery or take the UK further into debt. As some analysts point out, this is not a normal situation and ingrained situations call for extreme measures. This is certainly the case for Gordon Brown on a political level.Employers, Employees and the UnionsOne thing is certain in 2009, relationships between employer and employer are sure to be tense in 2009. A survey report was commissioned by the Chartered Institute of personnel department and Development (CIPD) in September, 2008 around this subject. The following table from this report summarises the main issues around employer/employee relationshipsSo what are the anticipated changes in regard to the effects of the Credit Crunch to employer/employee relations?The following table from the same reports highlights the expected changesOn the instance of it, if we analyse the two tables we can see that although most agree that there will be problems in the current credit crisis, that the only likely benefit longer term is that the employers will engage with their employees on an in creasing level.However, it is said that there is a contrast of opinion between the public and private services with regard to employee amour, asLooking at the results in more detail, however, there is a marked contrast in attitudes between private and public services. In private services, 51% of respondents identified employee engagement as the single most likely development, compared with only 29% in public services and an average across all sectors of 43%. (CIPD,2008)It seems that partnerships with occupation unions are very low on the agenda, but again it depends on the sector aspartnership is seen as among the three most likely developments by 46% of respondents in public services but only 11% in private services. (CIPD,2008).The wait and see scenario was also a favourable option. This would make perfect sense seeing as no one yet has a clear picture of how the recession will develop in 2009.So how will all this effect relationships on the shop floor and in the office? Well, c ooperation is the key to a triple-crown relationship for both employers and employees alike. It will be the case that in some organisations that job losses will be inevitable, and the unions and employees will be able to do very little as a result. In some cases, it will just be a case of management and unions working(a) together to alleviate the impact as much as possible, and by providing assistance to those employees who will need to be looking for another job or training.In fact, if you have been made unemployed during a recession and there is little likelihood that a new job in the same career will be practical (in some cases), then training during the downturn may be a very good option. The reasoning behind this is that when the economy returns to normal the employee will be let out placed to get themselves back on to the job market.Some people may be concerned about the prophylacticty of their jobs in 2009, and for very good reason. It is claimed that the indebted young p eople will be the hardest hit (Iain Macwhirter, 2008). It is claimed that the level of unemployment will have reached 3 million by 2010.It is the conciliative labour market which usually receives the initial job losses, such as freelancers and contractors (Iain Macwhirter, 2008). From a company management perspective it is financially sound to flak catcher the expensive contractors first. There is also little complication in doing this legitimately as there is with permanent employees. However, the sign of a contractor being fired can cause panic amongst the permanent employees in the workplace, as they know that they could easily be next on the list.Ironically, once the dust has settled and companies find themselves short staffed on the upturn it is contractors who are the first back in to assist. Unlike a redundancy situation based on last in, first out it could be said that with contractors and the credit crunch it is a case of first out, first in.The effect of the credit crun ch will not only affect the lower level employees, but jobs in banks, and professions i.e. the middle income groups. This will be a real blow to self esteem and confidence to some employees, and it is also something the employers and unions must take into account when wielding the axe in the name of survival. There is no longer a predictable future for anyone, anywhere as a result of the credit crunch. This is emphasised byCertainly, the first to be hit will be those at the bottom. But they are likely to be joined by large numbers of articulate, middle-class individuals shaken out of the financial, media and peripheral service occupations from aroma therapy to management consultancy which have grown up during the long boom. (Iain Macwhirter, 2008)We have seen that the credit crunch affects everyone from the top down, including governments, large and small organisations and individuals. We have seen the ways in which people can be affected. Governments lose credibility, organisati ons lose valuable staff, and individuals lose their self esteem and confidence.In analysing the credit crunch we see that although it seems the US problems was the initial spark, it was basically a financial accident waiting to happen, and on a. global scale. However, we have to ask ourselves if the rest of the world can be protected from the mistakes made in the US. Should we all insulate ourselves from this happening on such a large scale again?In looking at possible solutions, we have many suggestions and some of these are risky, but possibly may work. In the UK only time will tell if Gordon Browns ideas of ploughing special funds into the banking system and reducing VAT with lower interest rates will stimulate the economy enough to allow progress through what is sure to be a very difficult period in 2009 and beyond.The surprising thing and perhaps most worrying is how quickly the economy turned from 2007 from what was a relatively economically sound period to its current state. For future generations, much will be learned and there are sure to be large scale changes, especially in the banking sector. More regulation is sure to follow and huge bonuses for some could be a thing of the past. Such is the effect of the current crisis.Journals/ReportsChartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD), Survey Report, 2008World Economic Update, April 25 2008 available fromhttp//www.cfr.org/ outlet/16111/world_economic_update_rush_transcript_federal_news_service.htmlAndrew Watt, The economic and financial crisis dealing with therepercussions and the causes./ Presentation to ETUI Seminar The economic and financial crisis Elements to realize a new paradigm 8 December2008Bernanke, Ben S., and Cara S. Lown (1991), TheCredit Crunch, Brookings papers on EconomicActivity, no. 2 205-47.NewspapersIain Macwhirter, New StatesmanEconomy, How safe is your job?Published 27 November 2008 available fromhttp//www.newstatesman.com/economy/2008/11/middle-class-labour-jobsJona thon Sibun, UK nook is here to stay experts warn, Daily Telegraph Online, 10/2008 available fromhttp//www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/3259483/UK-recession-is-here-to-stay-experts-warn.htmlBecky Howard, The credit crunch hits relationships and marriages, clock Online, December 6, 2008 available fromhttp//women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/body_and_soul/article5292365.eceDavid Charter, From Times Online October 21, 2008,Sarkozy calls for halt to foreign ownership available fromhttp//business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/economics/article4984670.ece networkEconomics Help, Who is to Blame for Credit Crunch? 2008, accessed on 03/01/2009 available from http//www.economicshelp.org/2008/08/who-is-to-blame-for-credit-crunch.htmlAlex Barker, sleepy at the Wheel? ,December 15th, 2008 by Alex Barker accessed on 03/01/2009 available fromhttp//blogs.ft.com/westminster/ socio-economic class/credit-crunch/