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Friday, May 31, 2019

Free Handmaids Tale Essays: The Red Motif :: Handmaids Tale Essays

The Red Motif in The Handmaids Tale In the dystopian novel The Handmaids Tale written by Margaret Atwood, the repeated appearance of the color red draws an interesting yet perverse parallel between femininity and violence. The dominant color of the novel, red is associated with all things female. However, red is in addition the color of blood death and violence therefore are closely associated with women in this male-dominated ultraconservative government. We are first introduced to the color red when the narrator is describing how she gets milled The red gloves are lying on the bed. Everything except the wings around my face is red the color blood, which defines us. Here, we are unsure if Atwood is referring to blood as catamenial and feminine, or as the result of disobedience and the violence which results. The women of Handmaid are cloaked in red as a reminder of their fertility. However, in the condition of Gilead, red is not just menstrual blood or blood resulting from birth the red is a threat of death. Offred would later say, I never looked broad(a) in red, Its not my color. Red tulips are also a recurrent image in The Handmaids Tale. Tulips, often seen as llonic symbols in many works, can be interpreted this way also. Tulips are women, and red tulips are women cloaked in red, red blood. On knave 12 Offred narrates The tulips are red, a darker crimson towards the stem, as if they have been cut and are beginning to heal there. If a deeper interpretation of this thought is warranted, I would think the place where the tulip meets the stem in the neck of the woman, and as the government came in and stripped them of all power they cut off their heads in a way by depriving them of money, reading materials, and any type of education. Tulips, uniform the cloaks, are symbols of violence against females in the perverse world of Gilead. A blatant use of red to relate women with violence can be seen on page 32 But on one bag theres blood, which has seeped thr ough the white cloth, where the mouth must have been. It makes another mouth, a small red one. . . This grinning of blood is what fixes the attention finally. The men who are hanging are meant to scare, as Atwood clearly states, yet meant to scare who?

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Comparing Shakespeares Hamlet and Marlowe of Conrads Heart of Darknes

Comparing Shakespe ares Hamlet and Marlowe of Conrads Heart of Darkness Prince Hamlet, of Shakespeares famed tragedy, and Marlowe of Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, are withal situated characters. Despite superficially different settings and plots, there is a remarkably similar thematic ele handst shared mingled with both works. Prince Hamlet and Marlowe are brought to the very brink of insanity by their immersion in worlds gone mad, yet still succeed. At their roots, the similarities of the environments they are immersed in are remarkable. Whether their environment is a too too sullied (1057) Royal Danish court, or the dark monomania of a murderous Congolese jungle, the relationship between a sane compositions mind, and a mans insane world is openly explored. In Hamlet Prince of Denmark and in Heart of Darkness many similarities exist between the madness that both stories are surrounded in. Despite the obvious differences of the Congo and Copenhagen, both worlds are places where evil abounds and territory where man has brought on that evil. The destructive avarice and lust for power that drove Hamlets uncle, Cladius, to murder his own brother, have tainted and steeped the Danish court in corruption. In Heart of Darkness, the madness stems from the desire for power in the form of valuable ivory. The power of ivory in Heart of Darkness is not only apparent because it drives civilized men like, Mr. Kurtz to commit his savage acts, but also because how quickly Marlowe becomes aware of its power. Upon Marlowes arrival to the Central Station he observes, The word ivory rang in the air, was whispered, was sighed. You would think they were praying to it. (1639). In Hamlet and Heart of Darkness, the ultimate... ...s when he avenges his fathers murder and restores the upright and dignified nature of the Danish throne (to Fortinbras), and Marlowe succeeds when he retrieves the brutal Kurtz from the heart of swarthiness. More importantly howe ver, Hamlet and Marlowe within themselves struggle against insanity, the evil that tries to pour into them from their madness-drenched worlds, and both men succeed. BibliographyAngus, Mitchell. New Light on the Heart of Darkness http//www.britannica.com/ mag/article?content_id=145991. January 9, 2007Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. Lecture XII. Hamlet. Ed. Edward Hubler. New York Signet Classics, 1987.Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. An Introduction to Literature. Ed. Barnet, et al. New York Longman, 2000.Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. An Introduction to Literature. Ed. Barnet, et al. New York Longman, 2000.

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

Essay --

Jacob bowlerMs. MillerEnglish 1226 October, 2013How the Nazi regime changed the worldHail Hitler this was the contrive of the most feared group at the time the Nazi regime. They were one of the most mesomorphic groups in the world even after losing one war they write down up another one. Fighting and for the most part concurring and ruling lots of lands. They tricked everyone with their claim of just trying to reclaim the previously lost lands. forthwith turn the nazi party did ultimately fail in their attempt to take over control of the world, they did succeed in creating great amounts of fear fashioning numerous technological advancements and destroying millions of the Jewish race. champion of two greatest motivators of people is fear, or fear of something. This was a great motivator of the Nazi regime their powerful tactics and ideas did not just cause fear for the time period of theirs but also to the present we still fear many things that had happened back then. One small thing that they did that still is here today is the fear of the police, with the hole-and-corner(a) police there was great fear of them and what they could do to you. With that fear people were less(prenominal) likely to disobey Hitlers laws and methods. How that method still lasts today is that lots of people still fear cops and generally distrust the police and those associated with them. That means everyone that venereal disease any illegal activity is very afraid of cops and any form of punishment that they could deal out. Then there is the undercover cops just like the secret police, cops that could infiltrate groups doing illegal activities. This also makes the groups very distrustful of most people, just like the people that helped the Jews during the holocaust. So after all the pain and destruction of th... ... They came up with most the terror tactics showing that there can be many different ways of controlling specific groups by means of through many different tactis. So thought this it shows that the past and what happened there can reach a great effect on us that it caused us to learn from the mistakes from the past. It shows that we have done many stupid things but also a lot of great things came out of the nazi party that they created. Showing that the best of things along with the chastise of things can come out of the same thing. Horrors and miericals, bad and good everything can have two sides and different effects so this is how the Nazi party while failing to be able to control the world they did succeed in generating great amounts of fear, making many technological advancements and then greatly diminishing the populations of the Jews through murderous activities .

Gallium :: essays research papers

Gallium1871 Dmitrii Ivanovich Mendelev predicts the existance and properties of theelement after coat in the semiannual table. He Gives it the name "eka aluminium".1875 Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran discovers atomic number 31. Its properties closelymatch those predicted by Mendelev.     Gallium, atomic number 31, is very standardized to aluminum in its chemicalproperties. It does not throw out in nitric acid because of the protective filmof gallium oxide that is formed over the surface by the action of the acid.Gallium does however dissolve in other acids, and alkalies.     Gallium was discovered (1875) by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, whoobserved its principal spectral lines while examining material seperated fromzinc blende. Soon after he isolated the metal studied its properties, whichcoincided those that Dmitrii Ivanovich Mendelev had predicted a few yearsearlier for eka-aluminium, the then undiscovered element lying betwee n aluminumand indium in his periodic table.     Though widely distributed at the Earths surface, gallium does not occorfree or concentrated in independant minerals, except for gallite. It isextracted as a by-product from zinc blende, iron pyrites, bauxite, andgermanite.     Silvery white and soft enough to be cut with a knife, gallium takes on abluish tinge because of superficial oxidation. whimsical for its low meltingpoint ( about 30 degrees C, 86 degrees F ), gallium also expands uponsolidification and supercools readily, remaining a liquid at temperatures aslow as 0 degrees C ( 32 degrees F ).     Gallium has the longest usefull liquid range of any element. The liquidmetal clings to glass and similar surfaces. The crystal structure of galliumis orthorhombic. Natural gallium consists of a mixture of two stable isotopesgallium-69 ( 60.4 percent ) and gallium-71 (39.6 percent ).     Somewhat similar to aluminum chemically, gallium slowly oxidizes inmoist air until a protective film forms, and it becomes passive in cold nitricacid.     Gallium has been considered as a viable heat-exchange medium innuclear reactors, although it has a high neutron cross section. Radioactivegallium-72 shows some promise in the study of bone cancer a fuse of thisisotope is absorbed by the cancerous portion of the bone.     The most common use of gallium is in a gallium scan. Gallium scans areoften use to diagnose and follow the progression of tumors or infections.Gallium scans can also be used to evaluate the heart, lungs, or any other organthat may be involved with inflammatory disease.

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

Folk Tale Characteristics in the Legend of Sleepy Hollow Essays

Folk Tale Characteristics in the Legend of Sleepy Hollow The Legend of Sleepy Hollow is champion of the most well-known stories in American literature, and with good reason. Throughout his account statement, Washington Irving uses many stylistic ideas to create a fantastically detailed and descriptive wild-eyed folk tale. Irving begins The Legend of Sleepy Hollow with a vivid description of the setting of his story. Beginning with the Dutch history of the area, he goes on to describe the town as one of the quietest places in the whole world, with a tranquil brook running through it and the sweet sounds of chirping birds all around (1). Irving delves into the towns history, citing Indian legends which scan that the town is bewitched, and that those who live there often have their eyes and ears play tricks on them (1). His focus in this description is to give the history of a little sleepy town, using an element of romanticism to choose his peaceful, re mote setting, and paying special attention to the nature and native legends of the area. He spices up his story with many other examples of this local color, such as the details of Baltus Van Tassels farm. His land is described as being one of those green, sheltered, fertile nooks in which the Dutch farmers are so fond of nesting, with elms, alders, dwarf willows, and a well which contained the sweetest, softest water imaginable (5). This description of the land also ties into the traditional romantic technique of having a persons house represent the character of that person. Baltus Van Tassel is directly characterized as a perfect picture of a thriving, contented, libral-hearted farmer (5). Si... ... gives him the dancing skills of St. Vitus, patron of the dance. As he is courting Katrina on the dance floor, Brom Bones is left brooding in the corner. This again pokes fun at the traditional sense of romanticism, because one would think that it would be B rom who would be wooing Katrina at the party. Through these tiny, laughable moments in his story, Irving brings a light, playful tone to the drowsy, dreamy, deeply romantic Sleepy Hollow. It is through the ample and skilled use of these stylistic ideas that Washington Irving is able to weave the characteristics of a folk tale such as humor, hearsay, and local color together to create a deliciously romantic story of nature, love, and supernatural events.Irving, Washington. The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. Ed. Illustrated Arthur Rackham. United States David McKay, 1928.

Folk Tale Characteristics in the Legend of Sleepy Hollow Essays

Folk Tale Characteristics in the Legend of asleep(predicate) Hollow The Legend of Sleepy Hollow is one of the most well-known stories in American literature, and with good reason. Throughout his fable, chapiter Irving uses many stylistic ideas to create a fantastically detailed and descriptive romantic folk tale. Irving begins The Legend of Sleepy Hollow with a vivid description of the setting of his story. Beginning with the Dutch history of the area, he goes on to describe the town as one of the quietest places in the whole world, with a tranquil brook running through it and the sweet sounds of chirping birds all around (1). Irving delves into the towns history, citing Indian legends which say that the town is bewitched, and that those who stretch out there often have their eyes and ears play tricks on them (1). His focus in this description is to give the history of a little sleepy town, victimisation an element of romanticism to choose his peacefu l, remote setting, and paying special attention to the nature and native legends of the area. He spices up his story with many other examples of this local color, such as the details of Baltus Van Tassels farm. His land is described as being one of those green, sheltered, fertile nooks in which the Dutch farmers are so adoring of nesting, with elms, alders, dwarf willows, and a well which contained the sweetest, softest water imaginable (5). This description of the land also ties into the traditional romantic technique of having a persons house represent the lawsuit of that person. Baltus Van Tassel is directly characterized as a perfect picture of a thriving, contented, libral-hearted farmer (5). Si... ... gives him the dancing skills of St. Vitus, patron of the spring. As he is courting Katrina on the dance floor, Brom Bones is left brooding in the corner. This again pokes fun at the traditional sense of romanticism, because one would think that it would be Brom who would be wooing Katrina at the party. Through these tiny, laughable moments in his story, Irving brings a light, playful tone to the drowsy, dreamy, deeply romantic Sleepy Hollow. It is through the ample and skillful use of these stylistic ideas that Washington Irving is able to weave the characteristics of a folk tale such as humor, hearsay, and local color together to create a deliciously romantic story of nature, love, and supernatural events.Irving, Washington. The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. Ed. Illustrated Arthur Rackham. United States David McKay, 1928.

Monday, May 27, 2019

Coke Zero Essay

Describe the specific type of consumer that the Coca- Cola Company is targeting with distributively of the following products Diet Coke, Coke Zero, Diet Cola, Plus, Coca- Cola Blak, and Full gasolene Blue Demon. What types of demographic segmentation is each products marketing most likely to include? The Coca- Cola Company has many different types of products that be marketed towards certain demographics. One of Coca- Colas most popular carbonated drink is Diet coke.Diet Coke is marketed to consumers concerned with nutrition and looking for a low- calorie drink, specifically men when first introduced. Originally Coca Cola thought to Market the drink towards men, but due to the feminine stigma and aspartame- sweetened after perceptivity that turned some consumers against the product . Diet Coke is currently marketed towards women who want to lose weight. Coke zero is designed to target consumers such as young people. Coke Zero was designed to offer an alternative low calorie drin k to people who didnt really drink Coca- Cola classic or Diet Coke.Diet coke plus, which is a sweeter version of pabulum coke is fortified with vitamins and minerals, this drink is marketed towards consumers that want to take in less calories and are wellness conscious . Coca cola blak, which is a cola with coffee essences is marketed to older, more sophisticated consumers who are willing to pay more. Full throttle blue demon, an energy drink with an azule flavor was designed to market towards Hispanic men. Most of the demographic segmentation that is most likely included in each products marketing for each type of drink is Gender, Age, Income level, and life style.Each demographic segmentation such as Gender and life style was described while reading some each product. One good example is Diet Coke. Since the word diet is used in the product name Diet Coke that attracts females because the word diet is used, but tended to turn away males, due to the drink having a reputation of a female image. When Coke Zero was created Coca Cola decided to non use the word Diet since it would most likely scare away males, who were the target consumer for this new drink. Using Demographic segmentation can really help make or break a product.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Sample Project Portfolio Document

Major Projects of tiger IT Major Projects of Tiger IT DOC ID TGIBD-PREXP- degree Celsius911-RFTSQB Abstract Tiger IT is a world leader in biometrics and identity management solutions. It has more than 10 long time of experience in developing turn-key solutions for different governments and industries. This document briefly outlines the different range of projects that Tiger IT has worked on. Keywords About, Tiger, IT, TigerIT, Enrollment, Registration, AFIS, ID, Biometrics, Automated, Fingerprint, Matching, Identification, History, dressingground, Projects, Profile, ClientsTigerIT Bangladesh Limited Ho enjoyment 134, Road 12, Block E, Banani, Dhaka-1213 Copyright 2011 This document contains teaching which is proprietary to Tiger IT Bangladesh Ltd. Use or disclosure of any material in this document without Tiger ITs consent is prohibited. www. tigeritbd. com 1 Major Projects of Tiger IT Client Bangladesh Road Transport Authority Project Name Supply, Inst eachation, and Commission ing of towering Security Driving License Card, Enrolment dust, Register establishment, Personalization System with Related Logistics, Services, and Training on Turn-? Key Basis expanse Bangladesh DateApril 2011 BRTA entrust use Tiger ITs solution that records a drivers photograph, fingermarks, hint, among other details and stores them in a highly secure and rugged smart pester. The information will both be printed on the card and stored inside an encrypted chip that can be verified and updated by BRTA officials. The card itself will have treble security printing techniques, some of which are visible to naked eye while others require specific instruments to check. BRTA estimates over 200,000 smart card based driving force licenses will be issued using Tiger ITs solution ever year. Tiger It is delivering he complete solution that includes biometric enrollment/registration, centralized selective informationbase, application process and issuance automation module, AFIS for de-? duplication, card printing and inventory management, and driver verification service. The orbit of work includes the following Alpha-? numeric and Biometrics Enrollment in 64 locations (up to 20,000 registrations per month) Application processing and workflow automation for card issuance Relational Database Management System AFIS for 5 million records (4 fingers each) Card Printing, QC, and Inventory Management (over 200,000 card ssuance per year) Driver Verification from saucy Card (on PC and handheld devices) Various Web Service interfaces, including online pre-? enrollment in second phase Five years Maintenance with installation, operating theatre and perpetration of the software www. tigeritbd. com 2 Major Projects of Tiger IT Client Government of Cambodia Project Name Cambodian National ID Project Country Bangladesh Date May 2011 Tiger IT is working in Cambodia for registration, database development, operation, and issuance of national ID cards for citizens of Camb odia. Tiger ITs highly reputed biometrics capture and AFIS is in he heart of the project. The AFIS provided in the project is responsible for 2. 2 million records in first phase and additional 10 million records in second phase. The records will encompass 10 fingers each. Total documentation for 150 mobile displace and 70 fixed stations for complete biometrics enrollment from all provinces cardinal database with full-? fledged reporting and administration support AFIS for 2. 2 million records for first phase and 10 million in next phase (10 fingers for each record) Smart Card Issuance (Personalization, Quality Control, and Inventory Management) Client Bangladesh RapidAction Battalion (RAB) Project Name Multimodal Biometric Project for Criminal Database Country Bangladesh Date June 2011 This solution uses both fingerprint and iris matching to perform de-? duplication. Biometrics enrollment and fully functional Data Matching, Fingerprint Matching, and Iris Matching solution is major focus of the project. apart from migration, Tiger IT is developing and incorporating multi-? biometric module to integrate with the existing RAB Criminal Database developed from www. tigeritbd. com 3 Major Projects of Tiger IT IBM Lotus Note Domino Server to oracle 11g Enterprise Edition.Through this module new/old criminal information will be inserted, updated, deleted and identified along with the biometric features. Furthermore, the developed solution will also incorporated multi-? biometric module to capture information into the RAB Criminal database. 20 remote locations will be used and support for 200,00 criminal records will be provided. Project has a high-? end biometrics enrollment solution to be used in 20 different locations Secure online and offline data transfer from enrollment site to datacenter victimization and Migration of Relational Database Management SystemThe AFIS system should support up to 200,000 citizen records for 1N matching Customized Que ry, Work Flow Automation, Report Generation Training of RAB officials On-? site support for 36 months First biometric identity management solution in the history of Bangladesh to integrate fingerprint and iris matching in one project. Client Bangladesh election Commission Project Name Supply, Installation, and Commissioning of Voters Registration System of Bangladesh Election Commission with Related Logistics, Services, Civil & Electrical Works and Training on roll in the hay Basis Country Bangladesh Date October 2010The Voters Register System consists of a Data Center, a Disaster Recovery System and over 600 remote locations throughout Bangladesh. It comprises all the hardware, middleware, application software, infrastructure, interfaces and operate to provide a turnkey solution. The www. tigeritbd. com 4 Major Projects of Tiger IT Voters Register will store 100 million voters with their bio data, photo, 4 fingerprints and signature. BEC treasured an integrated online solution connecting all remote locations to the central system. The BEC wanted to acquire hardware and solution that is fully compliant with the principles f service oriented architecture. The scope of work includes the following Central Voters Register software package Relational Database Management System Disaster Recovery System Voter Register Client Software license Ident put up Software license Management Information Software Voters List Generator Software Database Servers for Data Center and Disaster Recovery System Data Storage for Data Center and Disaster Recovery System Printers to Print Voters Lists Management Information Stations Administration Stations Enroll Station Peripherals Identification Station peripheralsTraining of all central staff Installation, commissioning and operation of the Voter Register System including all necessary works for infrastructural development/ laid up (electrical, civil etc works/services) Various Web Service interfaces Provide onsi te maintenance for 1 year Five years Maintenance Installation, operation and commissioning of the software www. tigeritbd. com 5 Major Projects of Tiger IT Client Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Nepal Project Name Security Printing, Supply and Delivery, Installation of Equipments and Preparation of Machine well-defined Passports Country NepalDate 2010 Tiger IT is working in collaboration with Oberthur Technologies in the Machine Readable Passport (MRP) project for the Government of Nepal. Tiger IT is providing the software solution for capturing data into the system with ICR. Tiger IT provided a solution capable of printing issuing 4000 passports per day. The MRP personalization center has a number of transaction rouses. These are as follows ICR form receiving point Data verification stations ICR form scanning stations Personalization stations Dual data launching/edit stations QA Stations Foreign missions stations MRP handover oint www. tigeritbd. com 6 Maj or Projects of Tiger IT The ICR forms are collected in a batch and scanned using the document scanners. During the scan the software will separate the text, signature and photo, maintaining good resolution of the photograph and the signature so that they can be used for personalization of the MRP. The form image will also be scanned for the data entry/edit station operators to use. Other features of the project are similar to the ones described previously. Client Bangladesh Election Commission Project Name Supply, Installation, and Commissioning of Automated FingerprintIdentification System (AFIS) with Datacenter Hardware and Related De-? Duplication Service for the Current Database of Bangladesh Election Commission (BEC) with Training on Turn-? Key Basis Country Bangladesh Date June 2010 A pick de-? duplicated database that eliminates fake voter registrations was the main purpose of the project. This tender was issued by PERP (Preparation of electoral Roll with Photographs) projec t under the Election Commission Secretariat. PERP had hired international biometric experts as consultants for the preparation of the tender specifications and evaluation of the proposals.Stringent requirements were set to ensure that only the most qualified vendor wins the project. Prior to the award of the contract a validation sample of the AFIS was also performed for the eligible vendors. After a competitive evaluation, Tiger IT Bangladesh Ltd. was awarded the contract on June 2010 as the most eligible vendor. Tiger IT has successfully delivered the AFIS capable of de-? duplicating 100 million records with all necessary datacenter hardware. The de-? duplication is now underway, working at present with 85 million records. (Each record in the project has 4 fingers. ) 50 AFISMatching Cluster Servers 2 x Quad-? Core Intel Xeon Processor 24 GB DDR3, 1333MHz RAM 2 x 146 GB SAS, 15K hot-? plug hard drives, Min kick upstairs to 8 HDD Linux 64 bit OS, Java runtime 64 bit, Oracle 11g Delivery timeframe 32 weeks www. tigeritbd. com 7 Major Projects of Tiger IT Client UNDP, Bangladesh Project Cleansing and Migration of Electoral Database of Bangladesh Election Commission Country Bangladesh Date May 2010 The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Bangladesh engaged Tiger IT in order to perform services in respect of Cleansing and Migration of Electoral Database of BangladeshElection Commission. The scope of work included the following Database migration to Installation of hardware/software/storage required for migration Oracle Back up of all migrated data on other backup devices Provide quality validation of migrated data Ensure data is not corrupted during migration enthral of knowledge to BEC personnel, in terms of training, documentation, and any other preferred method by BEC Data cleansing Prepare a validated cleansing cast Identify data to be cleaned Transliterate Bengali data to English www. tigeritbd. com 8 Major Projects of Tiger IT Application evamp Extension of reporting features Secure API spirit validation scripts to validate the clean data 99% of identifiable unclean data should be cleaned Ensure appropriate infrastructure and resources are used for this operation Porting existing application to new platform Change the application platform from PHP to Java to support new features Addition and change in business system of logic as per requirements of BEC Addition of new features Implement a general purpose reporting tool that will help the EC generate their own reports on demand New reports with extended summary features Secure API

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Feu You and Me

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY on that point are four (4) key success factors which are critical to the success of a regular rectitude work fabrication.These are 1) Good character of the inform2) High musical note of instruction3) Consistently high passing serving of graduates in the impede runinations4) consent of graduates making it to the top 10 in the blockade examinations.Currently, Far Eastern University Institute of rightfulness (FEU-IL) has an average of 22. 4% passing percentage in the bar examinations in the blend tailfin years. Compared to jumper leading truth checks such as Ateneo de manilla University train of constabulary, University of the Philippines and San Beda College of equity (average passing percentage in the last five years is 89. 6%, 77. 37% and 84. 29% respectively), Far Eastern University definitely does not belong to one of the preferred honor educatedayss in the country. At present, FEU-IL has inadequate facilities and library collection.It does not join in Law Debating Competitions and does not even have an official FEU-IL Journal which former(a) leading rightfulness schools would usually have. However, FEU-IL has a dynamic and proactive Dean who has strong linkages with Law schools in the Philippines. This distinct competitive advantage posterior be utilized in company to draw the Marketing Plan an stiff and fortunate one for purposes of 100% enforcement. Several marketing st consecrategies were formulated for the FEU-IL. Some of these are as follows ) Product learning Strategy = This includes enhancement of the Mission / tidy sum Statement of the FEU-IL, improvement of the facilities and library collection, enhancement of the IL curriculum which would eliminate the Socratic Method of teaching, involvement of mental force members in the syllabi construction and curriculum emergence for IL, creation of the FEU-IL journal, and conducting seminars for righteousnessyers under the mandate Continuing Legal raisin g Program (MCLE) 2) Product Positioning Strategy = This includes the g overning body of the FEU-IL Debating Council, and the formation of the FEU-IL Website. ) Predatory Marketing Promotion Strategy = This distinct strategy involves campus visits by the Dean of the Institute of Law in cooperation with the entres and Placement stain. 4) Other advert and PR blitz This includes print advertisements and write-up entercasing the top graduates of Far Eastern University, distribution of flyers, TV guestings and other defend releases. The marketing expense rate for cc6 (1. 72%) is considered at bottom acceptable range. As a result, marketing plan pass on post a phenomenal growth rate of 46. 0% by SY 2006-2007. With the execution of this marketing plan, FEU-IL testament become the preferred justice school in the Philippines as it achieves the succeeding(a) in the year 2007 1. increase market share by 5%. 2. strengthen the brand to aspiring lawyers through niche marketing. 3. In crease visibility in all lawful fora. 4. Attract better prime(prenominal) students in nightclub to raise the bar passing percentage of the school. 5. Increase profit by 10%.CURRENT MARKETING SITUATION TYPE OF constancy first-string Law School IndustrySIZE OF THE INDUSTRYThis marketing plan will focus scarce on the regular law school industry in the NCR Region (such as Ateneo de Manila University (AdMU), University of the Philippines (UP), San Beda College (SBC), University of the East (UE), Lyceum University (Lyceum), Arellano University School of Law (AUSL), San Sebastian College (SSC), Manuel L. Quezon University (MLQU) and Far Eastern University (FEU). This excludes hybrid programs such as the JD-MBA program. Over the years, the number of law schools has steady increased and recently, the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) reported that there are 104 law schools operating in the country.The great majority of lawyers graduated from closed-door law schools. Of the 59 law s chools listed by the sovereign Court in 1999 in connection with the bar examinations for that year, only eight are state or public law schools. Of the eight state-supported schools, two are established by chartered cities, five are regional schools, and one national law school which is the UP College of Law. About 28 law schools are university-based. At least nine schools are run by Catholic religious orders. integrity law school forms bulge out of a state university established for the Muslim community and maintains education in Islamic Law.The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) supervises law schools in the country. Graduates earn a Bachelor of Laws (LL. B. ) or Juris Doctor (J. D. ) power point. The potential market would comprise fresh graduates, holders of MBA and PhD Degrees, doctors, nurses, accountants, engineers, architects and government officers STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF THE INDUSTRY Around 80% of the average law school population are working students who study at n ight creation taught almostly by part conviction faculty, objet dart the rest are enrolled in day or weekend disseveres.Most Philippine law schools subscribe to the Ameri nominate law school teaching stupefy. Law teaching was done through lectures. English is the medium of instruction. Class attendance is compulsory. The modified Socratic method in which questions and answers were generally derived from designate texts and the case study system are the most widely used. A strategic weakness of the level-headed education in the Philippines is the part time fictional character of the faculty. Law schools draw lecturers from the courts and law firms.Pursuing their full time work in the Court of Appeals or Regional Trial Courts and in law offices, law teachers go to the law schools in the evening to lecture or hold classes, within the duration of their contracts. Moreover, hardly is there a full-time law dean. The only exception prevails in the U. P. College of Law which keeps a full-time dean and 20 full-time faculty members, in addition to 30 adjunct or non-regular professorial lecturers. The annual bar examinations is a rite of passage deemed locally to be the ultimate test of excellence for students and for law schools.Each year, on four Sundays in September, around 4,000 law graduates take the bar examination. About 20% pass each year, or somewhat 800 raw(a) lawyers. Applying this gauge, a little over 15% of law schools are performing above par. The Supreme Court is constitutionally vested with the exclusive power over admission into the bar. It exercises this power through the bar examinations, administered by the Court itself. By way of example, the Court, by identifying the subjects and the coverage of each subject, effectively tells the law schools what courses to offer and what laws to teach.Tools that were utilized in order to measure out the building of the industry are 1) Porter Framework The ultimate function of this framework is to ide ntify companies competing with each other and analyze the four factors affecting the competitive situation of the Regular Law School Industry (NCR) 2) Mckinsey Matrix One of the digs used in order to analyze the competition. This matrix is composed of two parts such as the cable position in the vertical analysis and market attractiveness in the horizontal axis. 3) Winner Analysis It is used to analyze what makes a competition a winner and a loser.The FEU-IL will be evaluated based on the industrys assessment of winners and losers. 4) Competitor Fact Sheet (Figure 4. 1) contains comprehensive facts about the competitors in the regular law school industry. Detailed facts are presented such as how old is the law school, size of enrollment, number of topnotchers for the last five (5) years, honest passing percentage for the last five (5) years, tuition fees, best features, professor-student ratio, and areas for improvement. PORTER FRAMEWORK pic REGULAR LAW SCHOOL INDUSTRY This fra mework establishes the market segments which the FEU-IL cigarette tap (i. . New graduates and Entrepreneurs). There is also a need to be competitive on facilities and library collections as this affect the regular law school industry where FEU-IL belongs MCKINSEY MATRIX (Figure 6. 1) The matrix utilized two (2) components that determined the over-all performance of the regular law school industry, namely Business Position and Market Attractiveness. The business position is based on the interest criteria 1. Revenues 2. Enrollment 3. Stability 4. Growth On the other hand the market attractiveness is based on the pursual criteria 1.Track Record 2. Reputation 3. Quality Instruction 4. Facilities 5. tenable tuition fees The matrix will indicate that UP, SBC and AdMU are leaders of the industry. However, UST and AUSL are beginning to make their marks in the industry. UST and AUSL have the potential of becoming the leaders in the industry. MLQU lags behind among the law schools mention ed. WINNER ANALYSIS (Figure 6. 3) In the Winner Analysis, you will view that FEU is considered a loser, having 3 out of 4 characteristics of a loser. THE STATE OF THE PHILIPPINE LEGAL EDUCATIONIn a recent study, it was observed that schools that do strong in the bar examinations remain to be producers of higher percentage of passing rates and they share similar policies such as the rigid/screening process, tending of high level of academic performance in their law subjects, adoption of the quotient point index (QPI) to remain in the law school, hiring of deans with pro-active hands-on management style, and extract of financial resources to the law library to better equip the faculty and students with the mass of the legal k this instantledge, data and dullials to enhance their skills and aptitude in the field of law.The study recommended that the law curriculum/program be improved and developed so as to produce competent world-class lawyers with proper sense of ethical values i n exercising their profession. It is also stressed the need for new policy standards on the law program that will take into account several major developments in the field of law during the past decade and the trend towards globalization of the practice of the profession. THE USE OF TECHNOLOGY The Arellano University School of Law is the only law school in the Philippines with a comprehensive legal database and which is available for free on the internet.Lex Libris, which is on subscription basis, and which provides practically the same data, is another Philippine database. Many of the younger law faculty in thermionic vacuum tube Manila use computers to illustrate material in class through powerpoint presentations. They are likewise already transmitting syllabi and course materials to students over the Internet. Electronic casebooks and textbooks are now being marketed locally although they are not very popular among law students. No law school in the Philippines, as of this writi ng, has required students to own or bring computers.KEY SUCCESS FACTORSConsidering the current external environment, the following constitutes the key success factors critical to the success of the industry 1. Good reputation of the school 2. High quality of instruction 3. Consistently high passing percentage of graduates in the bar examinations. 4. Consistency of graduates making it to the top ten in the bar examinations.OPPORTUNITY AND ISSUE ANALYSIS BRIEF HISTORY OF THE COMPANYThe FEU Institute of Law opened its doors in 1934, making it one of the older colleges of law in the country.It prides itself as a pedigreed law school from whose ranks two other law schools located in the university belt were formed. The Institute is proud of its alumni whose accomplishments have honored their alma mater and the legal profession. These include two justices of the Supreme Court, a Secretary of Justice, several Justices of the Court of Appeals and Sandiganbayan, regional and municipal trial court judges and government prosecutors. In addition, many of its graduates now occupy positions of leadership in the community and play vital roles in legal practice, business and government service.Also, the Institute has the unique line of having two Senate Presidents serve as Dean Jovito Salonga from 1957-1961 and Neptali Gonzales from 1976-1986. In 2003, the Institute teamed-up with the De La Salle University Graduate School of Business to offer the JD-MBA program, the first graduate dual degree program in law and business administration. The dual degree program prepares students to approach problems from the perspectives of both a business executive and a lawyer.This program is designed to provide students with the knowledge and skills necessary to excel in two interrelated disciplines and to understand the interrelationships between them. It has been the Institutes consistent policy to provide quality legal education at an affordable cost. The Institute of Law endeavors to maintain its tradition of being a law school that remains a harbor for the working but deserving class. VISION STATEMENT It has been the Institutes consistent policy to provide quality legal education at an affordable cost.The Institute of Law endeavors to maintain its tradition of being a law school that remains a haven for the working but deserving class. complaint STATEMENT To complement the objectives of the legal education enumerated in Republic Act 7662, the Institute of Law is committed to pursue the following To impart to the law students a broad knowledge of law and its versatile fields, and of the role and functions of legal institutions To develop their legal research skills and to analyze, articulate and apply the aw effectively, as well as to modify them to gain a integrality approach to legal problems and issues To prepare law students for advocacy, counseling and decision-making and imbue them with the ability to deal with legal problems To inculcate in them the ethical motive and responsibilities of the legal profession To train young men and women for the legal profession known for their technical competence, professional zeal and unblemished integrity. BUSINESS SYSTEMS MODEL a) Admission of students b)Processing of students pic pic The FEU-IL Business System Model describes the processing of human resources, particularly lawyers.It has two components 1) Admission of Students Before a student is admitted in the FEU-IL program, he has to take an approach examination. Once he passes the entrance examination, he becomes eligible to enroll in the FEU Institute of Law. 2) Processing of Students Once a student becomes eligible to enroll at the FEU Institute of Law, he now enrolls the subjects which he is required to complete. All methods of instruction are done inside the classrooms with the Professors of Law supervising the students. Final grades will be make believen to the students through the professors of law at the end of every semester.Upon completion of all the academic requirements, he now becomes eligible to take the Bar interrogation administered by the Supreme Court. The graduate reviews for six months and once he passes the bar examinations, he is now admitted to the bar. It is important to take note of the business system model because this will be the blue print for making the marketing plan for the FEU-Institute of Law SWOT ANALYSIS A SWOT analysis is a tool in find out the companys strengths and weaknesses, exploiting the different opportunities which the company might face and thinking of ways in order to ward off the likely threats that it may face.It tends to present alternative courses of actions that will be the basis for the various marketing strategies that will be utilized for the marketing plan of FEU-IL. The strategies should address the following issues How can the company overcome its weaknesses to ward off the threats it faces? (WT Strategies) How can the company utilize its st rengths to ward off the threats it faces? (ST Strategies) How can the company utilize its strengths to exploit the opportunities it faces? (SO Strategies) How can the company overcome its weaknesses to exploit the opportunities it faces? (WO Strategies) Opportunities (O) Threats (T) MRT Bad pronouncements about lawyers Good write-up about FEU Many lawyers are dragged in scandals TV guestings High attrition rate in the bar examination High cost of living Strengths (S) SO Strategies ST Strategies Good location Flyer Distribution at MRT (O1,S1, S3) sucker Ad showcasing top graduates of FEU-IL Reasonable fees TV pluggings (O2, O3, S4) (T1, T2, S3) Good Instruction Press releases of testimonials who Intensive Review for the bar examinations Proactive dean benefited from the reasonable tuition fees (T3, S2, S3) Offers the MBA-JD Program in cooperation (O2, O3, S2, S3) Inviting bar lecturers and appointing them with the DLSU School of Graduate Studies Conduct a Tamaraw Tou r in chosen as professorial chairs (S2, S3, T1, T2, T3) universities and provide promotional CDs Aggressive improvement of the physical for give remote (S4, O2, O3) plant and library collection of the Institute (S4, T3) Weaknesses (W) WO Strategies WT Strategies Inadequate facilities Full scholarship to honor graduates with Creation of the FEU IL Journal containing Low passing percentage rate as compared to stipend (W3, O2, O3) the published works of the FEU-IL Faculty the leaders Creation of the FEU Law Debating team to with the latest legal updates and Supreme No topnotchers for the last five (5) years prepare FEU-IL students to win in Court Resolutions (T1, W4,) Current image not a preferred law school competitions (W2, W3, W4, W5, S3) Inability to attract quality students Creation of the FEU-IL Website containing Support Staff service the IL Curriculum, syllabi and other Lack of financial resources activities that are pertaining to the Faculty unrest Ins titute of Law (i. e. bar exam operations, No fulltime Associate Dean articles published by FEU-IL faculty, etc. ) Inadequate library collection (W4, W14, O2) Absence of professorial chairs Problem in salary structure of faculty members Weak U-belt Consortium Bar Review Lack of published research colloquia within the Institute Faction in the IL Alumni Foundation and IL Management STRATEGIC ISSUES 1) How will the Far Eastern University Institute of Law increase its market share? 2) How will Far Eastern University Institute of Law become the preferred law school in the Philippines? DISTINCT COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGEFEU-IL has a pro-active, young and charismatic Dean who is elected President of the association of Law Schools in the Philippines for three consecutive terms and who finished his Master of Laws at Harvard University, U. S. A. SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE The FEU Institute of Law has produced a total of 74 topnotchers for the last 71 years of fore front in the law school industry. One of them is Artemio Panganiban, now the Supreme Court Justice of the Philippines, and Jose N. Nolledo, an author of various books in Commercial Law and Remedial Law. MARKETING GOALS / OBJECTIVES 1. Within 2007, FEU Institute of Law will increase market share by 5%. 2.Reinforce the FEU Institute of Law brand to aspiring lawyers through niche marketing. 3. Within SY 2006-2007, the FEU Institute of Law will increase visibility in all legal fora. 4. Within 2007, FEU Institute of Law will be able to attract better quality students in order to raise the bar passing percentage of the school. 5. Within 2007, FEU Institute of Law will increase profit by 10%. MARKETING STRATEGIES I. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT dodging a. Enhancement of the Mission and batch Statement of the FEU-IL The Vision and Mission Statement of FEU-IL should be improved and enhanced in order to achieve the above marketing goals. The following is the suggested Mission/Vision for FEU-IL We ar e committed to produce lawyers equipped with globally relevant, competitive and real world skills. Our graduates are trained to be service-oriented to their clients but at the same time mindful of their social responsibilities to the community and their ethical duties towards the administration of justice. Through our core values of teamwork, responsibility and integrity, we shall passionately dedicate ourselves to the development of the mind and spirit of our students by adequately preparing them to become committed and responsible citizens responding to the changing needs of the global community and ready to provide the required specialized legal services. b. Physical putThere is a need to be fast-growing(a) in purchasing law books that will be utilized by students for their studies. The FEU Law Library mustiness be physically equipped and ready for the acquisition and storage of new books that will be used as a tool for effective instruction. There is also a need to improve t he physical plant of the Institute. Most of the law schools in the University belt area are now having sound produce rooms and sturdy chairs with AVR facilities. Some law schools have their own exclusive law building to accommodate more enrollees with state-of-the-art facilities. Today, there is no unhorse for the need of becoming globally competitive in terms of facilities and instruction.It is also appropriate for the University to have an image of a technologically oriented institution with a view of providing quality but affordable legal education for the working class. c. Enhancement of the IL Curriculum In a recent study of the outgo Practices of Law Schools in the United States and United Kingdom, the following were noted 1. A law school can best achieve excellence and have the most effective academic program when it possesses a clear mission, a plan to achieve that mission, and the capacity and willingness to measure its success or failure. Absent a outlined mission and t he identification of attendant student and institutional terminations, a law school lacks focus and its curriculum becomes a collection of discrete activities without coherence.If a school does not assess its performance, it can easily be deluded about its success, the effectiveness of its pedagogical methods, the relevance of the curriculum, and the value of its services to its constituencies. A law school that fails to assess student performance or its performance as an institution, or that uses the wrong measures in doing so, has no real evidence that it is achieving any goals and objectives. A law school that lacks evidence of achievement invites demands for accountability (Gregory Munro, Outcomes Assessment For Law Schools 3-4, Institute for Law Teaching 2000) 2. It is especially important for law schools to clearly articulate specific outcomes for their programs of instruction. 3. Law schools should be encouraged to coordinate their programs of instruction and to integrate th e teaching of theory, doctrine and practice.Legal educators should be discouraged in relying on the case method / Socratic dialog, to make problem-based learning the primary mode of instruction and to be more attentive to basic principles of effective education. 4. There is a need for law schools to rent teachers who are 100% committed to resplendent teaching and to establish improved teacher development programs. 5. There must be a regular valuation of the schools program of instruction to determine whether its objectives are achieved effectively or efficiently. This can be done by soliciting and incorporating opinions from outside the academy, and gathering development from students about their needs and objectives. 6.Best practices for delivering instruction are 1) Coordinate the Program of Instruction 2) Integrate the teaching of theory, doctrine and practice 3) Employ basic principles of effective educational programs 4) Encourage active learning and give prompt feedback 5) Effective Time Management 6) Use of technology. In this regard, it is suggested that the Institute of Law enforce the following in the enhancement of its Faculty Instruction 1. The problem method (as opposed to the Socratic Method) should be used to achieve clear, appropriate objectives. It requires students to analyze and answer legal problems in context. Extensive research of the students is required.If possible, cases and Supreme Court rulings should be assigned to facilitate legal problems in context. It is also advised that there must be integration of teaching theory, doctrine and practice. Exposure to real life situations (i. e. interviews or sponsored tours) should also be incorporated in each subject so that students will have to apply what they have learned in theory. 2. All subjects offered by the FEU-IL must have a syllabi in modular format, specifying the topics to be discussed with the objectives to be achieved every meeting. Activities every topic should be indicated to guide students on what is expected of them every meeting. 3.Recruitment of efficient and effective teachers who are 100% committed to teaching is imperative. That is wherefore a regular evaluation of quality of instruction of teachers should be done on a regular basis (i. e. monthly) to determine if effectiveness of the instruction is being done consistently and regularly. Feedback from students regarding their suggestions and concerns should be addressed immediately, favorable or unfavorable. 4. It is imperative that faculty members take part in the program development of the Institutes curriculum. Committees should be formed among the faculty members in the Institute of Law to make faculty members involved in ILs growth and development. 5.In determining the placement of law graduates who newly passed the bar, continuous collection of data on educational outcomes will be used for the school to articulate how these educational outcome data is used to improve individual student and overall program performances. This can be done by soliciting and incorporating opinions from different employers outside the academy. 6. Strategic cooking workshop is therefore imperative to achieve excellent quality of instruction. Participants will be the Dean of the Institute, the Associate Dean, chosen faculty of the Institute, the Supervisor and a Supreme Court Justice (if possible) to map out program of activities and wish list for the Institute of Law. d. FEU-IL Journal The formation of the FEU-IL Journal is an excellent tool for research and development and a good forum for IL faculty members to publish their works.It is suggested that FEU-IL coordinate closely with the Office of Research and instruction of Far Eastern University for the mechanics. e. MCLE Provider For your information, the Mandatory Continuing Legal Education (MCLE) is a requirement for all lawyers to comply. In this regard, all members of the bar are required to attend the MCLE seminars to be abreast of the new laws and procedures in the legal profession. Currently, some agencies and universities (i. e. UP College of Law, Arellano Law School, Integrated Bar of the Philippines) are already MCLE providers, giving seminars for the lawyers. As of this date, no agency or law school in the University Belt Area has become an MCLE provider. It is suggested that the FEU Institute of Law would apply as an MCLE provider.To be an MCLE provider at an affordable fee will be a good promotion for the school, aside from the fact that it is a good source of funding for the FEU Institute of Law for the improvement of its facilities and physical plant. f. face of the FEU Institute of Law A delineation of duties and responsibilities is now appropriate and forthcoming for the FEU Institute of Law with respect to its Dean and Associate Dean. The Associate Dean should now be directly in-charge in serving the needs of the students and faculty in the Institute of Law while the Dean is directly in-charg e of networking and promoting FEU Institute of Law with other universities and colleges Managing the Curriculum, Instruction, faculty and students should be done by the Associate Dean.Staff members should also be pro-active in walking the extra mile in giving excellent service, not only to students, but also to visiting prospective students. There should be series of training for the staff members of FEU-IL to prepare them for the SY 2005-2006. II. PRODUCT POSITIONING STRATEGY a. Formation of the FEU-IL Debating Council There must be an active Law Debating Council to compete with the different law schools within the country. The formation of an active Law Debating Council will bankrupt the students to various debating competitions. With the aim of becoming No. 1 in debating competitions, it will help pass on the image of the FEU Institute of Law across all law schools in the country.The Oracle and Debating Council is the official debating council in Far Eastern University. It is s uggested that the FEU Oracle and Debating Council should help in the formation of an active FEU Institute of Law Debating Council to help boost the FEU Institute of Laws image in winning debate competitions. b. FEU-IL Website There must be a regular, effective and comprehensive FEU-IL Website that will show the Institutes Vision, Curricula and syllabi of the different subjects. The Website is also a good tool for the Institute to make it as a forum for bar exam operations. III. voracious MARKETING PROMOTION STRATEGY AGGRESSIVE ARTICULATION CAMPAIGN (TAMARAW CAMPUS TOUR)Leading law schools in the industry do not engage in an aggressive vocalisation campaign since they are confident that there will have enrollees, considering their reputable image in the industry. Therefore, a flank onset is necessary to attack the weakness of these leading law schools. It is suggested that the Dean of the Institute of Law, in coordination with the Admissions, Placement Office, establish a strategy on how to go to different colleges and universities in the Metro Manila Area, and possibly in the provincial areas, to articulate the FEU Institute of Law. No dean in Metro Manila has done any aggressive articulation campaign by going to different universities and colleges.It will be the first time in history that a dean will be doing school to school articulation on behalf of the FEU Institute of Law. In-campus entrance exams, in coordination with the Registrars of the universities involved, may also be conducted to further facilitate the admission of students who desire to take up Bachelor of Laws. That is why there is a need for a fulltime Associate Dean who should be the one in-charge of the management and administration of the FEU Institute of Law while the Dean is busy establishing network and doing articulation within the country. IV. ADVERTISING AND PR BLITZ The company will engage into the following advertising and promotion strategies 1.Print ads or write-up showcasing th e top graduates of Far Eastern University (i. e. Justice Artemio Panganiban) 2. Distribution of flyers near the MRT UBelt station regarding the FEU-IL 3. Engage in TV guestings to give FEU-IL the opportunity plug its IL program. 4. Press release of testimonials of several FEU-LAW Alumni. 5. Distribution of brochures and promotional CDs during the Tamaraw Campus Tour CURRENT MARKET SEGMENTATION STRATEGY OF FEU-IL pic Proposed Segmentation Strategy for FEU-IL Within 2008, the market variance will be composed of 90% Fulltime students and 10% Working professionals as hereto indicated ACTION PROGRAM FOR SY 2005-2006Sales Plan June August 2005 Activity In-Charge arse Date cipher judge product Printing of brochures Associate Dean June 1, 2005 Printing 10,000 brochures printed P4 x 10,000 = P40,000 Training of Office Staff Associate Dean July 15, 2005 provender Trained office staff P135 X 7 = P945. 0 Printing of Flyers Associate Dean June 1, 2005 P2 X 20,000 = P40,000 20 ,000 flyers printed Promotional CDs Associate Dean August 1, 2005 P25 X 200 = P5,000 200 Promotional CDs for give away TAMARAW CAMPUS TOUR / Dean / Admissions and July 15, 2005-August dose Visited 45 schools Articulation , Metro Placement Office 30, 2005 P200 X 3 (schools)=P600 X 15 Manila Area days= P9,000. 00 MCLE provider Associate Dean June 30, 2005 Application fee =P2,000. 00 September November Activity In-Charge Target Date Budget Expected Output Printing of the FEU IL Dean / Associate Dean / October 15 P45,000. 0 Printed Journal Journal Director for Research and containing published Development works of faculty members of the FEU-IL, with up to date laws and Supreme Court rulings School Tour / Articulation Dean / Admissions and September 15- NovemberTransportation Visited 45 schools , Metro Manila Area Placement Office 15 P200 X 3 (schools)=P600 X 15 days= P9,000. 0 Information Dissemination Dean November 30, 2005 Flyers Pri nted flyers and for the MCLE Seminars P4 x10,000 = P40,000 posters for the MCLE Posters Seminars P25 X 200 = P5,000 December 2005-February 2006 Activity In-Charge Target Date Budget Expected Output School Tour / Dean / Admissions and January 15-February Transportation Visited 15 schools Articulation, ProvincialPlacement Office 28, 2006 P400 X 3 (schools)=P1,200 X 5= Area P9,000. 00 MCLE Seminar Dean / Associate Dean January, 2006 Food An MCLE accredited P60 x 75 = P4,500 seminar for the lawyers Production of handouts 100 pages x P2 x 75=P15,000. 0 swear out 2006-May 2006 Activity In-Charge Target Date Budget Expected Output School Tour / Dean / Admissions and touch 15, 2006-May Transportation Visited 15 schools Articulation, ProvincialPlacement Office 15, 2006 P400 X 3 (schools)=P1,200 X 5= Area P9,000. 00 Printing of the FEU-IL Associate Dean / Director April 15, 2006 P45,000. 0 An edifying journal Journal for Research and containin g the latest Development laws, decisions of the Supreme Court and administrative bodies and articles written by Faculty members of the FEU-IL Promotional CDs Associate Dean March 1, 2005 P25 X 200 = P5,000 200 Promotional CDs for give away ADVERTISING PLAN June August 2005 Activity In-Charge Target Date Budget Expected Output Production of posters Associate Dean August 15, 2005 Printing 50 sets of printed posters P20 x 50 = P1,000. 00 Production of T-Shirts Associate Dean July 1, 2005 Printing 50 shirts produced P50 x 250 =P5,000. 00 March 2006-May 2006 Activity In-Charge Target Date Budget Expected Output AD regarding the FEU-IL Dean March 15, 2006- Billboard = P30,000. 00 -Billboard advertising the and its successful Newspaper Ad (for FEU-IL graduates or topnotchers PDI)=P50,000. 00 -printed advertisement of the FEU-IL PR PLAN June August 2005 Activity In-Charge Target Date Budget Expected Output TV Guesting Dean July 15, 2005 Tranportation= P200 Guested in a TV program to Honorarium= P2,000 give his legal opinion on an important issue Plugged FEU-IL September November 2005 Activity In-Charge Target Date Budget Expected Output Write-up in a newspaper Dean October 15, 2005 Honorarium for the writer Published article regarding testimonial of P5,000. 0 regarding the testimonial an FEU-IL Alumnus (PDI) of one of the successful FEU-IL Alumnus Write-up in a magazine Dean November 15, 2005 Honorarium for the writer Published article regarding one of the top P5,000. 00 regarding one of the top graduates in the FEU-IL graduates in the FEU-IL December 2005-February 2006 Activity In-Charge Target Date Budget Expected Output TV Guesting Dean July 15, 2005 Tranportation=P200 Guested in a TV program Honorarium=P2,000 to give his legal opinion on an important issue Plugged FEU-IL FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF LAW FINANCIAL PROJECTION OF REVENUES AND EX PENSES FOR SY 2005-2006 a) Growth Rate Revenues Increase (Decrease) % SY2004-2005 P14,063,233. 00 SY2005-2006 P14,488,740. 0 P 425,517. 00 3. 02 SY2006-2007 P21,285,000. 00 P6,796,260. 00 46. 90 b) Marketing put down Rate Revenue Attributed Marketing Expense Marketing Expense Rate SY 2005-2006 P14,488,740. 00 P267,124. 00 1. 84% SY 2006-2007 P21,285,000. 00 P365,885. 00 1. 72% ) Revenue-Marketing Expense Ratio NR OR = 21,285,000. 00 14,488,740. 00 =P6,796,260. 00 NME-OME 365,885 267,124. 00 P98,760. 00 P68. 82 ** For every P1 spent on marketing expense, FEU-IL generates P68. 82 return. Thus, the marketing plan is deemed cost effective. The additional P98,760. 00 marketing budget can yield an incremental tuition revenue of P6,796,260. 00 (Note The impact of a marketing budget can only be reflected in the succeeding schoolyear) RISK sound judgment AND CONTROLS Predicted Problems to be encountered Suggested Control Measure Marketing Budget might not be approved by top management Always provide a justification for the approval of the marketing budget Press releases may not be cost-effective PR Company must submit copy of press releases for documentation purposes. Press releases should be filed properly with all the expenses allotted to it.The papers should be placed under Public Relations file with the indispensable back-up in case of misplacement There must be proper recording and filing of all expenses incurred. Students, Staff and Faculty members might not cooperate wreak the students, staff and faculty members appointed responsible and accountable in certain tasks Desired outputs of the Marketing plan are not met. A regular post-evaluation per natural process must be done to determine the problems encountered and the solutions to be done in order to arrest future problems A scandal may erupt which could lead to tarnish the name of The IL Dean, Associated Dean and Faculty should guide properly IL the FEU-IL students and graduates Factionalism could affect marketing efforts Infuse new blood. A P P E N D I X Promotion of the school Substitutes Good income Entrepreneurship Managerial work Overseas work Student enrolls ee To be an esteemed professional Pursue other high income professions such as medicine, architecture, accountancy, engineering Professional Growth in legal practice Diploma / security of Participation in Seminars sponsored by the IBP The need to pass the bar exams Enroll in Hybrid programs (MBA-JD Program) To go to law schools outside NCR Customers New graduates Professionals Entrepreneurs Government employees 3-time flunkers in the Bar exams Transferees COMPETITORS SBC (Leader) UP (Leader) AdMU (Leader) FEU (Laggard) UST (Laggard) Lyceum (Laggard) SSC (Laggard) AUSL (Laggard) Suppliers * Publishing Companies * E-learning resources * Office Equipment Distributors * Office Supplies Distributors * Furniture Distributors * Staffing * Law Professors New Entrant None Graduate r eviews for the bar exams Student attends class and professor teaches, mentors and counsels student If prospective student passes, he enrolls Prospective student takes entrance exam Will student graduate? If no If yes Graduate fails bar exams Graduate is admitted to the bar. pic

Friday, May 24, 2019

Broken marriages among Overseas Filipino Workers Essay

One of the major problems that the country awards today is the issue of broken marriages among Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW). One of the major problems of OFWs is the oppose of broken families, these are caused by the feeling of loneliness, and the feeling of freedom from the long distance with their wives or husbands. This may also be caused by a military position that OFWs encounter, which is an active extramarital relationship (Pinoy OFW, 2012). The main problem here is the necessity to work abroad. If this situation is not handled, the consequences not only affect the couple still it greatly affects the child. The parents are most likely to be emotionally, financially troubled, and the worst is being socially stigmatized. (Government of Singapore, 2006). Severe psychological and behavioral problems are two to leash times more prone to children with divorced families compared to non-divorced ones, Hetheringtons study (Dowling & Barnes, 2000). The reply to this problem is t o deal with the local problems of the country. According to Dr. Clement Camposano (as cited in Susan, 2012) a migration anthropologist and ripened instructor of the University of Asia and the Pacific (UA&P). The decision to go abroad is an economic choice, many Filipinos aim to invest to further their goals, professionals are paid poorly locally compared to the income fortune that are open in different countries.A reason why Filpinos go abroad is the fact that companies locally offer low salary. This local fluttering leads to the problem on which families have to be separated and possibly destroy their marriage. There are top reasons why Filipinos work abroad one of them is the bad economic situation of the country (Pinoy OFW, 2009).the climate changes, calamities and political demise are some factors that lead the Philippines into an unstable situation (Lopez, 2014). Filipinos are also in the face of struggle for employment in the Philippines, this may be the prevailing cause o f why Filipinos go abroad in the first place (Pinoy OFW, 2009). According to the bailiwick Statistics Office of the Philippines (NSO, 2014) the Philippine unemployment rate averaged 8.96 since 1994 until present time, the Philippines decreased to 6.70 from 7 in the second quarter of the year. The Philippines has a high uneployment rate. These are onlysome of the reasons why Filipinos work from afar from their families. The solution could only be done by the countrys leaders.This paper aims to suggest only an option to solving the crisis, the solution suggested is not the only answer to the phenomenon. A broken family could be prevented by self disciline and devotion to their families (Pinoy OFW, 2012). As said earlier, this solution could only be use to the leaders. The leaders should aim to fix the problems on a smaller scale, within local bounderies. If the suggestion is to be taken in to action, the issue of broken families could be solved. Filipinos would not have the necessity to go abroad if the opportunities in the country are upright and befitting to the professional attainment of its members.BibliographyDowling, E., & Barnes, G. G. (2000). Working with children and parents through dissolution and divorce. houndmills, England Macmillan Press LTD. Government of Singapore. (2006, November 1). Effects of Divorce. Retrieved October 7, 2014, from Syariahcourt http//app.syariahcourt.gov.sg/syariah/front-end/abtdivorce_effectsofdivorce_e.aspx Lopez, E. (2014). Unstable growth and political demise. The Manila Times. Philippines, N. S. (2014, September 10). Philippines unemployment rate. Retrieved October 7, 2014, from Trading Economics http//www.tradingeconomics.com/philippines/unemployment-rate Pinoy OFW. (2009, November 1). 8 reasons why many Filipinos work abroad. Retrieved October 7, 2014, from Pinoy-OFW http//www.pinoy-ofw.com/ news show/355-reasons-why-many-filipinos-like-to-work-abroad.html Pinoy OFW. (2012, November 28). 19 common OFW problems, cause s, and how to prevent them. Retrieved October 7, 2014, from Pinoy-OFW http//www.pinoy-ofw.com/news/24177-ofw-problems.html Susan, K. (2012). Is it choice or necessity? Philippine daily inquirer.

Thursday, May 23, 2019

EAS p-Nitroacetanilide Essay

Pinacol was converted to pinacolone in the experiment at a 15.60% yield. A low percent yield was expected due to the experimental distillation and experimental separation of the two layers. Some pinacolone could have been trapped in the sedimentary layer due to experimental error at separating via a pipet. The IR showed peaks at 2967, 2906, 2871, 2359, 2337, 2173, and 1989. The re playative peaks in an IR of pinacolene are render between 3000 and 1700. The nuclear magnetic resonance when manipulated with a multiple of three, showed the presence of 9 hydrogens at 1.2 ppm and 3 hydrogens at 2.1 ppm. The typical proton magnetic resonance for pinacolone shows peaks around 20, 40, and 70 ppm due to the electronegativity of the oxygen fork up in the compound. The nuclear magnetic resonance of the organic product is inconsistent with the typical proton magnetic resonance of pinacolone or water. This could potentially be due to a mixture of the two compounds when the proton magnetic re sonance was run and is due to the experimental error in the separation of the sedimentary and organic layers by pipet. Pinacol was converted to pinacolone in the experiment at a 15.60% yield.A low percent yield was expected due to the experimental distillation and experimental separation of the two layers. Some pinacolone could have been trapped in the aqueous layer due to experimental error at separating via a pipet. The IR showed peaks at 2967, 2906, 2871, 2359, 2337, 2173, and 1989. The re impartative peaks in an IR of pinacolene are feed between 3000 and 1700. The nuclear magnetic resonance when manipulated with a multiple of three, showed the presence of 9 hydrogens at 1.2 ppm and 3 hydrogens at 2.1 ppm. The typical proton magnetic resonance for pinacolone shows peaks around 20, 40, and 70 ppm due to the electronegativity of the oxygen present in the compound. The proton magnetic resonance of the organic product is inconsistent with the typical nuclear magnetic resonance of pinacolone or water. This could potentially be due to a mixture of the two compounds when the nuclear magnetic resonance was run and is due to the experimental error in the separation of the aqueous and organic layers by pipet.Pinacol was converted to pinacolone in the experiment at a 15.60% yield. A low percent yield was expected due to the experimental distillation and experimental separation of the two layers. Some pinacolone could have been trapped in the aqueous layer due to experimental error at separating via a pipet. The IR showed peaks at 2967, 2906, 2871, 2359, 2337, 2173, and 1989. The representative peaks in an IR of pinacolene are present between 3000 and 1700. The NMR when manipulated with a multiple of three, showed the presence of 9 hydrogens at 1.2 ppm and 3 hydrogens at 2.1 ppm. The typical NMR forpinacolone shows peaks around 20, 40, and 70 ppm due to the electronegativity of the oxygen present in the compound. The NMR of the organic product is inconsistent with the typical NMR of pinacolone or water. This could potentially be due to a mixture of the two compounds when the NMR was run and is due to the experimental error in the separation of the aqueous and organic layers by pipet.Pinacol was converted to pinacolone in the experiment at a 15.60% yield. A low percent yield was expected due to the experimental distillation and experimental separation of the two layers.Some pinacolone could have been trapped in the aqueous layer due to experimental error at separating via a pipet. The IR showed peaks at 2967, 2906, 2871, 2359, 2337, 2173, and 1989. The representative peaks in an IR of pinacolene are present between 3000 and 1700. The NMR when manipulated with a multiple of three, showed the presence of 9 hydrogens at 1.2 ppm and 3 hydrogens at 2.1 ppm. The typical NMR for pinacolone shows peaks around 20, 40, and 70 ppm due to the electronegativity of the oxygen present in the compound. The NMR of the organic product is inconsistent with the typical NMR of pinacolone or water. This could potentially be due to a mixture of the two compounds when the NMR was run and is due to the experimental error in the separation of the aqueous and organic layers by pipet.Pinacol was converted to pinacolone in the experiment at a 15.60% yield. A low percent yield was expected due to the experimental distillation and experimental separation of the two layers. Some pinacolone could have been trapped in the aqueous layer due to experimental error at separating via a pipet. The IR showed peaks at 2967, 2906, 2871, 2359, 2337, 2173, and 1989. The representative peaks in an IR of pinacolene are present between 3000 and 1700. The NMR when manipulated with a multiple of three, showed the presence of 9 hydrogens at 1.2 ppm and 3 hydrogens at 2.1 ppm. The typical NMR for pinacolone shows peaks around 20, 40, and 70 ppm due to the electronegativity of the oxygen present in the compound. The NMR of the organic product is inconsistent with the typi cal NMR of pinacolone or water. This could potentially be due to a mixture of the two compounds when the NMR was run and is due to the experimental error in the separation of the aqueous and organic layers by pipet.

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

Standing Your Ground: The Life of Joshua L. Chamberlain

Lawrence Joshua Chamberlain was born on September 8, 1828 in Brewer, Maine to Joshua and Sarah Brastow. Perhaps as a portent of things to come, Chamberlain was named after a hero of War of 1812, Captain James Lawrence. Captain Lawrence was known for never giving up the fight, and whose dying words to his work force were Dont give up the place Chamberlains family was a Puritan, and was raised in a household that puts high value on good behavior, good education, hard work, and benevolence.THE DUTIFUL SONLawrence was the eldestborn of quin children and had a strong sense of duty at a very early be on, perhaps because he was tasked to look after his younger siblings. A heavy(p) deal of his childhood was spent outdoors, and he grew up loving and respecting nature. He had a shy and sensitive nature, and was always caring of others. More and more, as Lawrence was festering up, he took to academic studies with gravid enthusiasm. (Wallace 1995, p. 19) He took to scholarly pursuits even as he worked the farm land to help his father. In the fields, Chamberlain was taught that how a lot the land gives in harvest dep closings on how much work ace is provideing to put into it. The lessons of hard work and industry and relentless determination were values that the land taught him, and one that would carry him through for the rest of his distinguished life. (Cashin 2002, p. 76).When it was fourth dimension for Chamberlain to set on a course for a lifelong career, his father, a former soldier, wanted his eldest son to follow in his footsteps and serve the country during peacetime. However, while Chamberlain had already been preparing for West Point and a career in the army, Chamberlains mother protested because she wanted Lawrence to serve the church and become a minister. In spite her mothers objection, Lawrence wanted to go to West Point. However, his enthusiasm was dampened by the prospect of guardianship a military position during a time of relative peace and s tability. So in the end, his mothers desires won, and Chamberlain decided to become a minster in the hopes of getting a commission as a missionary in another country. (Wallace 1995, p. 45)When Chamberlain was nineteen classs old, he entered college. For Lawrence, who has been very close to his family, the thought of bread and providedter away from his family must have been difficult. Thus, he was very shy and stammered during his first years at college at Bowdoin College at Brunswick. Gradually, Chamberlain was able to overcome his shyness and stammering lyric and became a champion orator and writer. (Wallace 1995, p. 97) It was also during college that Chamberlain decided to use Joshua for his first name.At college, Chamberlains strength of character began showing. He was known for standing firm on his principles, even when he was going against people who had more power and authority than him. He never turned his lynchpin on the values that he believed in, and this gain him th e respect of the people who knew him. This strong sense of honor was a value that stayed with him all his life, even when his life was threatened in the meshfield. Chamberlain also had a great love for music and he turned for it for his relaxation.When not busy with school work, he played the organ for his school chapel, a skill that he larn all on his own. His love for the organ also drew him to Frances Adams, who also played the organ for the Brunswick church choir. Frances was three years older than Chamberlain, but that age difference did not matter to them. Their romance was serious right from the start and they were engaged soon after 1852, just a year after they first met and soon after Chamberlain graduated from college. However the marriage did not happen soon after the engage custodyt. Joshua first pursued both a seminary course and his masters degree. later finishing both, Joshua and Frances became husband and wife, three years after their engage handst.THE PROFESSOR B ECOMES A SOLDIERHaving distinguished himself as an orator during his college, he became professor of oratory and rhetoric at Bowdoin College a year after earning his masters degree. Five years after, in 1861, he became the chair of the department of modern languages. Chamberlains ascent to chairmanship was well- deserve. He has learned several languages during his seminary course. The languages were taught as part of the preparation for overseas missionary work which was his original intent. Chamberlain was fluent in nine languages namely, Latin, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Spanish, Italian, Arabic, and Syriac.In 1861, at the same year that Chamberlain was elected the position of chair of modern languages, courteous War broke out. The youthful dreams of serving the military and fighting in the battlefield of war were one time again rekindled. Or perhaps they never left at all. It may be said that Chamberlain has always been a noble soldier. When Chamberlain was given a sabbatic al, supposedly for study in Europe, he immediately went to Governor Washburn for military service. Thus in 1862, Chamberlain left the halls of the academe to fight in the Civil War. His decision was met with differ at Bowdoin College, but for Chamberlain the need to serve the country took precedence over anything else. By virtue of his education and mastery of languages, he was commissioned as police lieutenant Colonel of the 20th Regiment of Maine Volunteers.While never having actual military training, Chamberlain soon learned the ropes through keen observation. The fact that he was in charge of an actual regiment was enough reason for Chamberlain to learn as he go. All his life, he has always been a self-starter and capable of learning things by himself. Under Commander Adelbert Ames, a recent West Point graduate, Chamberlain, along with about a thousand men transformed and became trained soldiers. (Ritter & Wakelyn 1998, p. 116) Chamberlains youngest brother, Thomas, was also p art of the same regiment, and the devil would soon distinguish themselves as soldiers of the Civil War.The 20th regiments first order of battle was to proceed to the battle at Antietam. However, they did not apothegm any action in that battle. Their first actual engagement was as a reconnaissance mission unit of measurement at Shepherdstown Ford. In October, Chamberlain was tasked to lead another reconnaissance at the South Mountain pass. It was during this time that Chamberlain proverb first hand the horrors of war. He saw dead Confederate soldiers barely out of their youth, and such sights stayed with him during the good course of the war. (Ritter & Wakelyn 1998, p. 64)A few months after, in December 1862, Chamberlain and his men were right in the middle of the Battle of Fredericksburg, a site of overwhelming defeat for the Union. All around, Chamberlain saw dead men, and when the orders to evacuate came down, Chamberlain was tasked to lead his men to safety. The following months were uneventful for the regiment. In May 1863, an outbreak of small pox among the regiment kept Chamberlains men away from participating in the Battle of Chancellorsville. To keep his men in shape and their morale up, Chamberlain constantly asked for duties and engaged the regiment in positive activities. By the end of May, Chamberlain became Colonel of the 20th regiment, after having proven himself as an able soldier and a great leader.A HERO RISESOn July 1863, the 20th regiment received marching orders to go to Gettysburg. The Union forces faced a formidable opponent in the person of Confederate General John Bell Hood. General Hood was bent on cutting down the Union lines and under his command the Confederate Brigades advanced and went up the hill. During this engagement, a good number of Union officers were killed, leaving Chamberlain in command. in the lead he died, commanding officer Colonel Vincent instructed Chamberlain to stand ground. Joshua was now in a very diffic ult decision. He was given orders to stand ground but his mens ammunition were almost spent. (Martin 2006, p. 213). Chamberlain was left to decide the fate of his men and the fate of this battled. He thus gave quick and firm orders. Having the higher ground, Chamberlain told his men to counterattack. The downward-sloping bayonet charge caught the Confederates by surprise, and the Union held their position. For this heroic stand, he was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor.Soon after that historic stand, Chamberlain became commander of the 3rd Brigade. By this time, Chamberlain has become a seasoned solider who has survived many battlefields. He was regarded with respect and commanded the loyalty of the men who served under his command, particularly the men of the 20th Maine. While an officer, he never considered himself better than his men and he accorded all of them with equal courtesy and respect. He never asked for special quarters and endured the same sacrifices as his men. All these traits endeared him all the more to the military and the semipublic as well. He treated the dead with respect and never forgot to attend to the sick after the smoke of battle has cleared.By now an acclaimed hero, Chamberlain never stopped throwing himself into the broad of the battle. He was a natural leader and tactician, able to execute strategic commands under exacting pressure. He never feared for his life and engaged in battle with very little regard for personal safety. For him, the safety of his men and winning the ground was most important. (Martin 2006, p. 27) At one point, he was severely annoyed but refused preferential treatment, insisting that there are others whose wounds are more serious than his. For fear of a mortal wound, General Ulysses Grant, in what is believed to be the only type of promotion on the battlefield, immediately conferred the position of general to Chamberlain. Doctors thought that Joshua had very little chances of surviving his wound , but he did. A few months after, Chamberlain reported back to duty in spite some physical limitations brought on by his war injury.Chamberlain became commander of a new 1st Brigade, 1st Division, a unit composed of two large regiments of soldiers from Pennsylvania and New York. Not fully recovered from his injury, he was prevented from seeing any military action. However, after a month of sick leave, he returned to service, much to the dismay of his doctors. Chamberlain returned to military action during the last of General Grants campaign on March 1865. Chamberlain and his brigade were engaged in a bayonet fight while traveling the Quaker Road and Joshua was again injured. He would have been taken prisoner if not for his fast thinking. He eluded stick by donning a Confederate officer uniform and posing as one of the Confederates. His numerous injuries could not keep him from the call of duty. Under his leadership, Chamberlain claimed the strategic and much coveted lodge on the Wh ite Oak Road. For this accomplishment in spite of injury, Joshua was promoted to Major General by President Lincoln. (Ritter & Wakelyn 1998, p. 128).General Chamberlain survived many injuries and lived to see the end of the Civil War and the Unions victory. When General Grant designated him to receive the first flag of surrender at Appomattox Court House, in a pitiful demonstration of his noble spirit, Chamberlain received the surrender with graciousness and honor. He asked that his original 20th Maine regiment be with him in this historic event, believing that all of them deserved the honor that was accorded to him. (Martin 2006, p. 87)For saving his men and the Unions position, Chamberlain was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor, the highest military decoration in the United States. He was brave under fire, and self-aggrandising in victory. After the war, Joshua went back to Bowdoin as president of the college. (Ashby 2003, p. 10). During his tenure, he instituted reforms wh ich shook the foundations of the conservative school. Nevertheless, his presidency, like his tour of military duty, was marked with strong leadership and honor. He lived to an old age of 84, seeing the fruits of peace wrought by many years of war. In a poetic death, he died of the old war wound that many thought he has recovered from. He still dies in the battle, as a noble soldier.General Joshua Chamberlain stands tall in an age of greatness. His name will go down in history as among the greatest soldiers. It might be said that times make the hero, but in Chamberlains case, the choices that he made and his nobility in and out of the battlefield made him a soldier of life. He was a product of his times, and left just in time to plant the seeds of hope for a better and kinder world. May his nobility inspire all that is good and noble in each and every one of us.ReferencesAshby, R. (2003). queer People. Black Rabbit Book.Cashin, J. (2002). The War was You and Me Civilians in the Amer ican Civil War. Princeton University Press.Martin, I. (2006). The Greatest U.S. Army Stories Ever Told Unforgettable Stories of Courage. The Lyons Press.Ritter, C & Wakelyn, J (1998). Leaders of the American Civil War A Biographical and Historiographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group.Wallace, W. (1995). Soul of the Lion A Biography of General Joshua L. Chamberlain. Clark Military Books.

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

Underepresentation of Women in Positons of Authority.

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Introduction The manage custodyt of this chapter is to review critic every(prenominal)y and synthesize relevant knowledge about how and when unique(predicate) levels of instruments and/ or constitution interventions drill to em originator women and thereby cast up sex activity compargon, as stated by the World Bank (2001). Decision-making procedures should be changed to make room for fe staminate influences, styles and characteristics as nearly as in implementation. Participation of women in decision-making processes should the boxful stone of Zimbabwes ethos as a democratic nation. Zimbabwe should take an active role in promoting sexual activity balance in decision-making.It is important to bring on equilibrate participation of women and men at all levels of decision making. sex equality is central to human maturation and to the attainment of the Millennium training Goals (MDGs) as well as to the enhancement of ontogenesis impressi veness, (UNDP, 2011). MDGs attach great importance to sexuality equality and womens empowerment in all facets of life. grammatical sex mainstreaming is one of the strategies that the UN utilises to promote the integrating of sexual practice perspectives into the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes (UNDP, 2011). sexual activity equity is giving boys and girls, women and men equal opportunities in the utilisation of personal capabilities to realize full human refines (UNDP, 2011). There ar many studies that have been done by scholars across the world to stick association in the midst of women empowerment and socio- sparingal performance. There is empirical evidence that the promotion of gender equity leads to better economic performance of the concerned societies.One such study was done by Stephan Klasen who said that gender gaps undermined the ability of women to be effective agents of economic process. Societies with greater femal e employment opportunities are less prone to corruption and poor governance, (Klasen, 2006151). 2. 2 Overview of world(a) efforts on gender equality Despite efforts made to check off that female government agency is achieved at all levels of governance, women are still underrepresented in many government and non-government organizations, particularly in positions of power and leadership.According to Campbell (20037-8), womens current position is the result of the historical fact that Zimbabwes transition from white colonial rule did not dismantle the structures of patriarchy or oppression, which happen to serve the current regime just as well. 2. 3 Historical Background of Gender Equality According to a UN report of 1997, gender equality, similarly known as sex equality or sexual equality, is the goal of the equality of the genders, stemming from a belief in the injustice of myriad forms of gender contrast.This goal includes making womens rights equal to mens and also making men s rights equal to womens. 1972-1980s Although the first United Nations Conference on the human Environment in Stockholm, 1972 saw the establishment of the UN Environment Program (UNEP), officially linked the physical environs and society in its title, in the 1960s and seventies genial issues were still largely disconnected from environmental policies and programs.When the World Conservation Strategy living resource conservation for sustainable development the Inter field conjunction for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and World Wildlife Fund (WWF) was launched in 1980, the focus of that document on friendly-environmental linkages still was presented in a gender-neutral appearance. 1985The ternion United Nations Womens Conference in Nairobi in 1985, however, was among the first global forum that made explicit the linkages between sustainable development and womens involvement and empowerment as well as gender equality and equity . In the Nairobi Forward Looking Strategies, the environment was included as an eye socket of concern for women. During the Nairobi conference in 1985, UNEP hosted a special Session on Women and the Environment, and UNEPs Senior Women Advisors Group (SWAG) was established to advice the organization on deliverance a gender perspective in its environmental program. 990s In the run-up to the World extremum of 2002, United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNCED, held in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, the UN Secretariat for UNCED, UNEP and the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) as well as NGOs such as WEDO and World Wildlife Fund, undertook a number of advocacy activities that reflected the conclusions reached at the 1985 Nairobi Non- political Organization-Forum workshops, that stated The growth of womens power and the sustainability of development are ecologically tied. Environmental Liaison Centre (ELC, 1985). They underlined that women not only bear the h ighest cost of environmental problems, but as managers of primordial resources, also have the greatest potential for contributing to the solution of the crisis. The advocacy activities during the UNCED process resulted in a jolly Agenda 21, not only including more than 145 references to the specific roles and positions of women in environment and sustainable development, but also a separate Chapter 24 authorize Global action for women towards sustainable development.This chapter acknowledges the need for a broad participation of women as major group at all governmental levels and in all UN agencies related activities in sustainable development, as well as the need for the integration of a gender perspective on sustainable development planning and implementation. The United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing (1995) identified environment as one of twelve critical areas for women.Section K of the Beijing Platform for moion, on women and the environment, asserted t hat women have an essential role to play in the development of sustainable and ecologically sound consumption and work patterns and approaches to natural resource management (paragraph 246). 2000s Five years later, at the Millennium Summit in New York, world leaders promised in the Millennium solving to promote gender equality and the empowerment of women as effective ways to combat poverty, hunger and disease and to stimulate development that is truly sustainable.This trace was reflected in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), including MDG 1, eradicate extreme poverty, MDG 3 promote gender equality and empower women, and MDG 7 ensure environmental sustainability. up to now, until now, in governmental reporting on MDG 7 environmental linkages to gender equality are neglected. As input for the World Summit on Sustainable Development, women as major group prepared two documents (ECOSOC/UN, 2001 and 2002), in which progress on the implementation of Agenda 21 from a gender per spective was reviewed.It was concluded that at intertheme, national and local levels important steps had been taken, but that these were rather scattered and that most were of an ad hoc character. The review showed that there has been no real integration of gender issues into global environment and sustainable development policies and activities, let alone a thorough mainstreaming of gender concerns into these areas. Instead of real implementation, more commitments were made.Principle 20 of the Johannesburg Declaration of the World Summit on sustainable Development (2002) reads We are committed to ensure that womens empowerment and emancipation, and gender equality are integrated in all activities encompassed inside Agenda 21, the Millennium Development Goals, and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation. Among the 153 paragraphs of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPOI) 30 refer to gender aspects.These deal with benefits of sustainable development to women the elimination o f violence and disagreement access to health services access to land and other resources (particularly in Africa) the enhancement of the role of women in resources management knowledge for all participation of women gender mainstreaming and gender specific information and data. Major advocacy efforts resulted in a decision by the Commission on Sustainable Development at its eleventh session in 2003 to make gender a cross-cutting issue in all its upcoming work up until 2015.In a global context in which gender inequality proves to be one of the most pervasive forms of inequality (UNDP, 2005), the international community during the 10-year Review of the Beijing Platform for morselion, recommitted itself to the global goal of gender equality and the empowerment of women. One of the areas of disparity between males and females is related to the difference in their employment status which is manifested by occupational segregation, gender-based wage gaps, and womens disproportional re presentation in informal employment, unpaid work and higher unemployment rates (UNFPA, 2005).As women in developing countries have low status in the community, the activities they perform break away to be valued less and womens low status is also perpetuated through the low value placed on their activities (March et al. , 1999). According to the millennium indicators data base of the United Nations, cited in the UNFPA (2005), the percentage of parliamentary seats held by women in 2005 was 16% at world level, 21% in developed countries, and 14% in developing countries.This low representation of women in national parliaments could be due to type of electoral systems in different countries, womens social and economic status, socio- pagan traditions and beliefs about womens place in the family and society, and womens double burden of work and family responsibilities (UNFPA, 2005). Beijing Platform for Action (1995) called on governments to take measures to ensure womens equal access to and full participation in, power structures and decision-making.The outcome document of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly (2000) reiterated the need to increase the representation of women. The UN Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000) affirmed the need to include women in decision-making with regard to issues of peace and security. In 2006 the 50th Session of the Commission on the Status of Women espouse the agreed-upon conclusions on the equal participation of women and men in decision-making processes, (UN/DAW, 2007).Other important commitments related to womens political participation in Africa include Article 4 (l) of the organic Act of the African Union, the Dakar Platform for Action (1994) the African Plan of Action to Accelerate the Implementation of the Dakar and Beijing Platforms for Action for the Advancement of Women (1999) the communications protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (2003) and the African Unions Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in Africa (2004).In Zimbabwe gender disparities characterise all aspects of development with Zimbabwe ranked at 130 in the global gender-related development index according to the (Human Development Report, 2007/2008), reflecting the generally low status of women with revere to access, control and ownership of economic resources and positions in decision-making processes.This is despite the promulgation of various legal philosophys, ratification and accession to regional and international declarations, conventions and protocols earmarked for creating an enabling environment for the accomplishment of justice and equality between men and women. The status of women in Zimbabwe has been noticeably affected by the economic problems facing the kingdom as well as the persistence of discriminatory practices.The soil has introduced policy and legal measures to promote gender equality including the National Gender form _or_ system of government and specific domestic violence legislation, (UN, 2010) but in Zimbabwe women trail behind men on measures of economic empowerment such as labour office participation, wage equality and representation in senior positions, (World economic Forum, 2010318). A key barrier to gender equality is the discrimination stemming from the dual system of law, where ordinary laws continue to disadvantage women, particularly in the family, (Thabethe, 20118).Zimbabwe adopted women in power and decision-making as two of its priority areas under the Beijing Declaration (1995). The report by UNFPA (2010) notes that the achievements made by Zimbabwe in terms of promoting gender equality at national level such as the appointment of the first female Vice-president in 2005, the drafting and launching of the National Gender Policy in 2004 and the enacting of progressive legislation such the Domestic Violence Act and the Sexual Discrimination Act were landmark decisions.Labour laws have also been amend to reflect gender equality priorities. 2. 4 The Zimbabwe National Gender Policy (2004) According to the Republic of Zimbabwe, (2004), the vision of this policy is to have a society in Zimbabwe where there is economic, political, religious and social equality and equity among women and men in all spheres of life and at all levels. It was said that it anchored on the protection and respect of the rights of the individual.The Zimbabwe government went supercharge highlighting that the policys goals is to eliminate all negative economic, social and political policies, cultural and religious practices that impede equality and equity of the sexes to mainstream gender in all aspect of the development process and to ensure sustainable equity, equality and empowerment of women and men in Zimbabwe in all spheres of life, (Republic of Zimbabwe, 2004).In 1997, together with other SADC governments, Zimbabwe signed the SADC Declaration on Gender and Development together with its Adden dum on the saloon and Eradication of Violence against Women and Children sets out to enhance equal participation of women and men in national development. Based on these national, regional and international instruments, the National Gender Policy will facilitate the designing and implementation of policies that redress gender imbalances in all spheres and levels of life as part of fulfilling its commitments.The National Gender Policy recognises the fact that women constitute more than 52 per cent of the population of Zimbabwe. It is therefore important that their representation and participation in the development process should be adequate with this numerical reality. 2. 4. 2 Policy principles The Zimbabwe government (2004) indicated that based on the national ethos of democracy, unity, equity, development and self-sufficiency, sets out to enhance equal participation of women and men in national development.The policy was said to be in line with the need for economic growth, susta inable development, social justice and experience and respect of human rights. However it is critical to recognise that gender discrimination has its basis in cultural values, beliefs and practices. In this regard, the National Gender Policy is premised on the following principles A recognition that issues of development, human development in particular are concerned with equity, equality, participation, association, social justice and human rights. Gender discrimination is a serious impediment to development that affects the whole country and thus needs to be eliminated through appropriate individual and collective strategies. The prevalence and demonstration of political will and commitment to nurture growth and enhance equity is a prerequisite to ensure the successful implementation of the National Gender Policy. A participatory approach that entails broad character reference and involvement of both women and men in all spheres of development guarantees success of the trans formation of society to promote democracy, equality and equity between women and men. All giving medication policies must acknowledge women and men as equal and important human resources for development. This equality and equity of women and men is anchored on the protection and respect of the rights of the individual. 2. 5 Women in Zimbabwe Womens status in Zimbabwe has been significantly affected by the economic problems facing the country as well as the persistence of discriminatory practices. The country has introduced policy and legal measures to promote gender equality including National Gender Policy and specific domestic violence legislation, (UN, 2010).Although Zimbabwe has achieved gender parity in primary rail education, there remains a gender gap in secondary and tertiary education enrolments. Further, women trail behind men on measures of economic empowerment, such as labour force participation, wage equality and representation in senior positions, (World Economic For um, 2010318). A key barrier to gender equality is the discrimination stemming from the dual system of law, where customary laws continue to disadvantage women, particularly in the family, (Thabethe, 20118). . 6 Laws, Policies and Frameworks to Ensure Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women and Girls, (UN/ZIMBABWE, 2012). The frameworks will reach to progress towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, specifically MDG 3 promote gender equality and empower women. To address this challenge, the United Nations Conference on clientele and Development (UNCT) will support key governance institutions in policy and legislative formulation and implementation.Support will, therefore, be rendered to Government to put in place laws and policies that increase the participation of women in decision-making bodies and positions in both the private and public sectors. Moreover, the UN will support measures to ensure that the percentage of the national budget allocated to women an d girls programs is increased (UN/Zimbabwe, 2012). The UN will work towards ensuring ratification, domestication, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation of laws and policies that promote gender equality, human rights, and women and girls empowerment.Efforts will be made to mainstream gender into all Zimbabwe United Nations Development Assistance Framework (ZUNDAF) outcomes development a cross sectoral approach. An estimated amount of USD 20 million will be sourced from the UNCT and development partners for this outcome (UN/Zimbabwe, 2012). In Zimbabwe, gender disparities characterise all aspects of development, with Zimbabwe ranked at 130 in the global gender related development index according to the Human Development Report 2007/2008, reflecting the generally low status of women with respect to access, control and ownership of economic resources and positions in decision-making processes.This is despite the promulgation of various laws and the signature, ratification and a ccession to several regional and international declarations, conventions and protocols aimed at creating an enabling environment for the attainment of equity and equality between men and women. 2. 7 Structures that enhances subordination of Women in Politics The traditional female/male roles are deeply planted and glorified in all Zimbabwean languages, in education, the mass media, and advertising.The societys perception of women is for the most part negative with the best women as mothers, and their capabilities and capacities button virtually unnoticed (Obura, 1991). Such sex stereotypes and social prejudices are inappropriate in the present society where female/male roles and male-headed families are no drawn-out the norm. According to the United Nations (2000), sex stereo-types are among the most firmly entrenched obstacles to the elimination of discrimination, and are largely responsible for the denigration of the role and potential of women in society. The subordinate ositi on of women in the society seems to legitimize their exclusion from participation in political and decision making processes. Many stories depict women as disloyal, disagreeable, untrustworthy, and even gullible (Kabira and Nzioki, 199557). Even today women continue to be left out of official records and when recognised, they are addressed as those who need welfare assistance rather than actors in the historical process. The heavy under-representation of women in political life and most decision making processes in Zimbabwe needs to be closely investigated.Karl (1995185) explores some of the factors affecting womens political participation worldwide. Among the factors she cites include household status work related rights (maternity leave, job security, provision of child-care) employment and remuneration double burden of work education and literacy access to financial resources legal rights traditions, cultural attitudes and religion socialization and self-reliance violence agains t women the mass media health ability to control fertility.Cooper and Davidson (198244) sought to study the problems that women in leadership positions generally face. They found that women face stress from both the work, home and social environments. In addition, women have to acquire male leadership and managerial skills (for example, macrocosmness aggressive, assertive, confident), as well as multiple demands in running a career and a family. Other sources of stress include difficult working relationships with male bosses and colleagues, sexual harassment, limited opportunities for promotion and career development.The International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) (2003) notes that gender equity is the process of being fair to women and men. To ensure this fairness, measures must often be available to compensate for historical and political disadvantages that prevent women from otherwise operating on a levelled playing field with men. fairness leads to eq uality. Gender equality implies that women and men enjoy the same status.Gender equality means that women and men have equal opportunities for realizing their full human rights and potential to contribute to political, economic, social and cultural development, and to benefit from results thereof. Gender equality includes both quantitative and qualitative aspects. 2. 8 Enhancing Womens Participation in Political Power Structures and Decision-Making A survey carried out among national parliaments in the world by the Inter-Parliamentary Union (1997) revealed that women make up less than 5 per cent of worlds heads of state, heads of major corporations, and snarf positions in international organizations.Five years down the line, the IPU has established that women are not just behind in political and managerial equity, they are a desire way behind. Politics is everyones business and affects the lives of each of us. The more women are associated in numbers in political decision making p rocess in governments, the more they can change the modalities and outcomes of policies. 2. 9 Discriminatory Family Code There is no legal discrimination against women and girls with respect to inheritance rights.In 1997, the Administration of Estates Act was amended to make the surviving spouse and the children of a deceased person as his or her major beneficiaries, as opposed to their heir who was mainly the eldest son. The Act provides that the matrimonial home, whatever the system of tenure under which it was held and wherever it may be situated, remains with the surviving spouse. This includes household goods and effects, (United Nations, 199660). The Act applies to all marriages, well-mannered and customary, (United Nations Committee, 201012).Despite these laws, the Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions reports that women are still denied their inheritance rights in practice due to discriminatory attitudes, womens lack of awareness of their rights or womens lack of resources to claim their rights, (Bird et al, 2004168). The Chronic Poverty Research Centre reports that only 37. 31 % of widows inherited majority of assets after their spouses in 2005/2006, (Chronic Poverty Research Centre, 201120). Womens position in the family can also be gleaned from their participation in household decision making.Data from the 1999 Demographic wellness Survey provides a snapshot of gender equality in household decision making in Zimbabwe. For large household purchases, 42% of married women inform that decisions were made jointly with their husbands, 36% reported that decisions were made solely by their husbands and 16% reported decision were made solely by themselves, (Demographic Health Survey Zimbabwe, 1999). Furthermore, discriminatory attitudes and practices of authorities place further barriers in womens access to justice.For instance, according to the US Department of extract, authorities generally consider domestic violence to be a private matter, (United Sta te Department, 2009). With respect to prosecutions of marital rape, the government reports that the prosecution of marital rape requires the consent of the Attorney General which may discourage women from reporting. Further, entrenched institutional and societal attitudes that deny marital rape as a form of violence against women also prevent women from seeking justice, (United Nations, 201013-14).Female genital mutilation is not widespread in Zimbabwe, but is apt by the Remba ethnic group, which represents a small proportion of the population. Within this group, mutilation is combined with infibulations, which involves closing the outer lips of the vulva, (US Department of State 2002. Limitations on womens reproductive rights also infringes upon womens physical integrity in Zimbabwe. Abortion in Zimbabwe is permitted to save a womans life or health, in the event of rape or incest or due to foetal impairment. It is not permitted on request or on social or economic grounds, (Unite d Nations Population Division, 2007).The 2006 Demographic and Health Survey found that overall 60% of married women use contraception and 58 % use modern methods of contraception, (Demographic Health Survey, 2006). 2. 9. 1 Son Bias Gender disaggregated data on rates of infant mortality and early childhood nutrition are not available for Zimbabwe. With respect to access to education, the World Economic Forum reports that Zimbabwe has reached gender parity in primary school enrolments which indicates that there is no preferential treatment of sons with respect to primary school education.However, a gender gap persists in secondary and tertiary education enrolments, suggesting that the education of sons continues to be more highly valued than the education of daughters, (World Economic Forum, 2010318). Further, the government reported that women and girls slabber the primary burden of care in the context of HIV which suggests that daughter in Zimbabwe may experience greater time pover ty compared to sons, (United Nations 201048). Gender inequality is embedded in the patriarchal, social, religious and cultural stereotypes in Zimbabwean life.UNFPA (2008) indicated that the continued presence of long standing cultural and traditional practices that discriminate against women have forced the progress of achieving gender equality. Gender inequality hurts the interest not only of women but also of men through societal connections. It often stems from social structures that institutionalise conceptions of gender differences. Cultural stereotypes are ingrained in both men and women and these stereotypes are possible explanation for gender inequality (Rhoads et al, 1996130).McFadden (200442) proposes that women have been traditionally viewed as being caring and nurturing and are designated to occupations which require such skills. While these skills are culturally valued they were typically associated with domesticity so occupations requiring these same skills are not ec onomically valued. Men have traditionally been viewed as the breadwinners so jobs held by men have been historically economically valued (McFadden, 200442).However, these practices and public attitudes towards the advancement of women and gender equality have not changed at the same pace as policy and institutional frameworks. Mtintso (199937) observes and describes the under-representation and discrimination against women as an anathema to democracy. She argues that socialisation of women right from childhood directs them away from activities of power. Women tend to be less ambitious and internalises societys expectation that they are not suited to policy making positions. (Mtintso, 199937).Cooper et al (199492) supports Mtintsos argument when he mentions that it starts from the family level where the traditionally designated leader is a man. The same principle is still dominant in our society (Cooper et al, 199492). Leary et al (1994216) reiterates that women have the will but are discriminated against by men in authority who refuse to promote them and by legislation which limit their opportunities. Because of this ideology, very a few(prenominal) women made it in politics. McFadden (1994142) paints patriarchy as a huge setback for women in Zimbabwe, as the society is patriarchal in nature.Morley (2005112) alludes to the fact that this societal norm leaves out women from the corridors of power and men are left to address issues that mostly affect women such as exploitation, marginalisation, powerlessness, and violence. Watson (200987-93) affirms that the under-representation of women remains a elephantine concern in decision making processes and will continue to seriously undermine the realization of equitability in womanhood. Mtintso (199940) argues that patriarchal attitudes have become so entrenched that they are literally taken as natural.She further maintains that the government decision bodies are so patriarchal and power is so obvious, women are in danger of being swallowed by its culture, ethos, values and priorities. This point was supported by Cooper et al (1994) when they argue that women fear moving against the mainstream and in that way find themselves compromising and promoting the very patriarchal agenda. According to Campbell (2003285), the patriarchal model of the liberation struggle was the basis upon which the African government was couched and had been entrenched into law.Cheater and Gaidzanwa (1996197) postulate that tradition was employed in the first decade of Zimbabwes independence to spread the general message of womens re-subordination. Black women were considered as chattels of grim men (Zuidberg, McFaddens and Chigudu, 2004 112). Culture prevents women from participating in decision-making processes and the distinction is critical to make in light of the gender differences rooted in the culture and history of Zimbabwe where women have been marginalised in decision-making positions.Cooper et al (1994100) argued that cultural barriers seem to be difficult to remove since they are subtly enforced by both men and women, they are seen as immutable, but one should bear in mind that culture is dynamic, it needs programmes to advocate for popular participation of women in politics from high schools and influence the school curricula in this line. Cheater and Gaidzanwa (1996189-200) perceive traditional roles of men and women as still in place due to gender stereotype.Women still find it challenging to stand and compete with men in the political arena. Cheater et al (1996189-200) noted the idea of a woman to stand to compete with men as unacceptable behaviour, an unheard of kind of a scenario. 2. 10 Conclusion Given the above scenarios, there is need to scrutinize the conditions under which women are subjected to involvement, participation, and inclusion in key decision-making processes in Zimbabwe and specifically its storage locker.This is because, despite the significant advances made i n the policy and legislative reforms arena, the position of women in decision-making positions in the Cabinet of Zimbabwe remains relatively low and is extraordinarily under-representative of women in the highest structures of governance. Gender equality has dominated international debate on development issues with many intervention mechanisms being invented but to no avail. This demonstrates a gap between policy formulation and the causes of the challenge they are intended to address. Herein lays the core of the problem i. e. the gap between policy and actual implementation.